10-K 1 d10k.htm FORM 10-K Form 10-K
Table of Contents
Index to Financial Statements

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D. C. 20549

 


 

FORM 10-K

 

Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005

 

Commission file number 000-27141

 


 

TIVO INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware   77-0463167
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)   (IRS Employer Identification No.)

 

2160 Gold Street, PO Box 2160, Alviso, CA   95002
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip Code)

 

(408) 519-9100

(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)

 


 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

NONE

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

COMMON STOCK, $.001 PAR VALUE PER SHARE

 


 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes x    No ¨

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendments to this Form 10-K. ¨

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an accelerated filer (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).    Yes x    No ¨

 

As of July 30, 2004, the aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sales price for the registrant’s common stock, as reported in the Nasdaq National Market System, was $341.5 million.

 

On April 1, 2005, the Registrant had 82,601,263 outstanding shares of common stock.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Parts of Registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on August 3, 2005 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (The Report of the Compensation Committee, the Report of the Audit Committee and the Comparative Stock Performance graph of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement are expressly not incorporated by reference herein.)

 


 

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TIVO INC.

 

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JANUARY 31, 2005

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PART I

        3

ITEM 1.

  

BUSINESS

   3

ITEM 2.

  

PROPERTIES

   13

ITEM 3.

  

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

   13

ITEM 4.

  

SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS

   15

PART II

        16

ITEM 5.

  

MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANTS COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

   16

ITEM 6.

  

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

   17

ITEM 7.

  

MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

   20

ITEM 7A.

  

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

   48

ITEM 8.

  

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

   49

ITEM 9.

  

CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

   84

ITEM 9A.

  

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

   84

ITEM 9B.

  

OTHER INFORMATION

   86

PART III

        87

ITEM 10.

  

DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT

   87

ITEM 11.

  

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

   87

ITEM 12.

  

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

   87

ITEM 13.

  

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

   87

ITEM 14.

  

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

   87

PART IV

        88

ITEM 15.

  

EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

   88

SIGNATURES

        92

 

©2005 TiVo Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 

Except as the context otherwise requires, the terms “TiVo”, “Registrant”, “company”, “we”, “us”, or “our” as used herein are references to TiVo Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

 

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PART I

 

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

 

General Development of Business

 

We are a leading provider of technology and services for digital video recorders, or DVRs, a rapidly growing consumer electronics category. Our subscription-based TiVo service improves home entertainment by providing consumers with an easy way to record, watch, and control television. The TiVo service also offers the television industry a platform for advertisers, content delivery, and audience measurement research. The TiVo service requires a TiVo-enabled DVR or set-top box. These may be purchased at major consumer electronics retailers throughout the United States or through our website. As of January 31, 2005, there were over 3.0 million subscriptions to the TiVo service.

 

We currently derive revenues from three sources:

 

    TiVo service revenues. Consumers subscribe directly to the TiVo service, by paying us either $12.95 per month or a one-time “product lifetime” fee of $299. In addition, DIRECTV pays recurring per-household monthly fees in order to offer the TiVo service to its satellite TV subscribers.

 

    Technology revenues. We have developed technology supported by our portfolio of intellectual property rights that enables us to offer TiVo-enabled DVR software, hardware, and service solutions to customers like DIRECTV, Pioneer, Toshiba, Humax, and Sony.

 

    DVR hardware revenues. We engage contract manufacturers to build DVRs, which we then distribute to retailers or sell directly to consumers. We do this to enable our service revenues and, as a result, do not intend to generate significant gross margins from these hardware sales.

 

We continue to be subject to a number of risks, including delays in product and service developments; competitive service offerings; lack of market acceptance and uncertainty of future profitability; dependence on third parties for manufacturing, marketing, and sales support; intellectual property claims against us; and our dependence on our relationship with DIRECTV for subscription growth. We conduct our operations through one reportable segment. We anticipate that our business will continue to be seasonal and expect to generate a significant number of our annual new subscriptions during and immediately after the holiday shopping season. To date, we have incurred significant losses and have had substantial negative cash flow. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, we had net losses of ($79.8) million. As of January 31, 2005, we had an accumulated deficit of ($657.1) million.

 

Industry Background

 

Consumer Demand is Driving Widespread Adoption of DVR Technology. DVRs offer a compelling value proposition to consumers by providing the means to effectively sort through, select from, and organize the growing volume of broadcast video content. Consumers are also interested in the ability of DVR technology to easily fast forward through commercials. IDC predicts as many as 30 percent of U.S. households will use DVRs in 2008, a ten-fold percentage increase over its penetration estimate for March 2004.

 

Television Distributors See DVR Technology as a Competitive Asset. Nearly all of the major television distributors in the United States including Comcast, DIRECTV, EchoStar, Time-Warner Cable, and others, are offering DVR technology to their customers and have indicated they consider DVR technology a competitive tool. For example, major satellite companies have used TiVo and other DVR technologies when advertising against their cable company competition. These operators are looking for ways to more effectively attract consumers to their own offerings. DVR technology is also offered by satellite service providers in Europe.

 

DVR is Changing the Television Advertising Industry. The proliferation of DVRs, and their ability to easily skip through television programming, is requiring television advertisers to evaluate new and different ways to reach out to consumers.

 

Our Solution

 

We have created a unique set of technologies that meet the needs of consumers, television distributors, and the advertising community.

 

Compelling, Easy-to-Use Consumer DVR Offering. The TiVo service, combined with a TiVo-enabled DVR or TiVo-enabled DVD recorder, has many features that we believe dramatically improve a consumer’s television viewing experience. Depending upon the model, TiVo-enabled DVRs are able to support analog cable, digital cable, satellite, or over-the-air broadcast television, including high definition television. The TiVo service can automatically record a consumer’s favorite shows, all season long, even if the schedule changes, and can even skip reruns. The TiVo service allows consumers to search for shows to record by subject, title, genre,

 

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actor, director, channel, or time of showing. Consumers can also pause, rewind, and fast-forward live and recorded television. Unlike with a VCR, consumers can playback a show from its beginning while it is in the middle of being recorded, and consumers can play back a previously recorded show while recording another show.

 

Advanced Home Media Features Extend the TiVo Service Beyond DVR. The TiVo service also offers home entertainment innovations that extend beyond DVR, with features like digital music and photos, multi-room viewing, and mobility. Customers with a TiVo Series2 DVR connected to their home network can organize and play their digital music collection through their home entertainment system, or view digital photos on their TV. Those with two or more TiVo® Series2 DVRs and a home network can use the multi-room viewing feature to record a show in one room and play it back in another room. The TiVoToGo feature offers the ability to transfer recorded programs from a TiVo DVR to a computer. These advanced features are unique to TiVo and help to further differentiate the TiVo service against competitive DVR offerings.

 

Technology Platform Capable of Integration. Our technology is designed for use both in TiVo-only DVRs and in integrated devices, including set-top boxes, DVD recorders, and televisions. This allows us to offer consumer electronics manufacturers and television distributors a branded, highly respected DVR service that they can in turn offer to their customers.

 

Advanced Solutions for Advertising and Promotion. We distribute video content designed to entertain consumers while providing a promotional vehicle for our advertising and promotion customers. For example, movie studios pay us to deliver previews of upcoming films, consumer product companies pay us to market their products, and television networks pay us to promote upcoming programs. In the future, content providers could use the TiVo service to offer consumers special programming and pay-per-view packages such as movies, sporting events, and television shows.

 

Our Strategy

 

Our goal is to generate recurring revenues through the deployment of our branded entertainment services and technology to television viewing households worldwide. The key elements of our strategy are:

 

Offer an Increasingly Valuable Service. Our goal is to lead the market with innovations that expand the value and potential of TiVo’s subscription service. We plan to continue to invest in innovation to improve consumer choice, convenience, and control over their home entertainment and to make TiVo more compelling for both current and potential customers. For example, in January 2005 we began delivery of a new service release called “TiVoToGo. This feature enables certain users to move their favorite programs stored on a TiVo-enabled DVR to a laptop for viewing on the road, or to any PC. Additionally, we announced an evolution of our service strategy to create a product and service platform that will enable consumers to find and control content from any broadcast or broadband source. We believe that the combination of mobility, entertainment personalization, and broadcast/broadband integration will continue to enhance the TiVo service.

 

Increase Average Revenue Per User. As our subscription base has grown, we have been able to offer new advertising and audience measurement research capabilities to programmers and advertisers to help them reach our subscription base. We plan to continue developing and enhancing these offerings, which take advantage of the unique tagging, recording, storage, and viewing capabilities of the TiVo service. For example, we have recently completed promotional and audience measurement research work for General Motors, IRI, Nielsen Media Research, Nissan Motor Corp., Universal Pictures, and Warner Brothers.

 

Integrate Our Technology to Accelerate Platform Deployment. Our strategy focuses on creating, developing, and deploying DVR standards in order to promote mass deployment of devices capable of running the TiVo service. We work with leading television distributors and consumer electronics manufacturers to introduce products that incorporate our technology, including set-top boxes, DVD recorders, and televisions. Consumers are able to choose from over a dozen TiVo-enabled products from industry leaders including Pioneer, Toshiba, DIRECTV, and Humax. In addition, we recently announced a new deal to develop technology to integrate the TiVo service with DVRs deployed by Comcast.

 

Extend and Protect Our Intellectual Property. The convenience, control, and ease of use experience of the TiVo service is derived largely from the technology we have developed. We intend to continue to design, develop, and implement innovative technological solutions that leverage and enhance the TiVo service offering. We have adopted a proactive patent and trademark strategy designed to protect and extend our technology and intellectual property.

 

Promote and Leverage the TiVo Brand. We believe the strength of the TiVo brand is an advantage in attracting subscribers, consumer electronics manufacturers, advertisers, and other customers. In the past, we have dedicated substantial resources to promoting our brand through multiple advertising and marketing channels, participation in trade shows, sponsoring events, merchandising, and by leveraging strategic relationships. We believe the TiVo brand is strongly established within the DVR category.

 

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Our Technology

 

The TiVo service relies on three key components: the TiVo service client software platform, the TiVo service infrastructure, and the TiVo-enabled DVR hardware design. Each of these components serves a vital function in the TiVo service.

 

TiVo Service Client Software. The TiVo service client software runs on TiVo-enabled DVRs. It consists of all operational software required for a TiVo-enabled DVR to deliver the TiVo service properly and reliably. TiVo client software is based on the open-source Linux operating system, but the bulk of the software is proprietary to TiVo. The software includes system components such as a media-oriented file system, a high-performance transactional database, an integrated security system, and application components such as media management and user interface. We have enhanced the client software to support multiple services and applications, such as digital music and photos. The TiVo client software manages interaction with the TiVo service infrastructure. After the initial set-up of the TiVo service, the TiVo-enabled DVR will automatically connect to the TiVo service infrastructure over a dial-up or broadband connection to download the program guide data, client software upgrades, Showcases, and other content.

 

TiVo Service Infrastructure. The TiVo service infrastructure enables the ongoing operation of the TiVo service, managing the distribution of proprietary services and specialized content such as program guide data, Showcases, and TiVo client software upgrades. It interfaces with our billing and customer support systems for service authorization and bug tracking. In addition, the TiVo service infrastructure collects anonymous viewing behavior data uploaded from TiVo-enabled DVRs for use in our audience measurement efforts. We believe the TiVo service infrastructure technology is scalable, robust, and reliable. The infrastructure has also been designed to take advantage of the networks of service provider customers, for example, by utilizing DIRECTV’s satellite bandwidth to deliver data to DIRECTV receivers with TiVo service. The TiVo service infrastructure is extensible to support future initiatives such as e-commerce and lead generation, and authorization and billing for premium services.

 

DVR Hardware Design. The TiVo-enabled DVR hardware design is a specification developed by us for set-top boxes containing a hard disk drive, a CPU and memory, digital video chips, a modem, and other components. We license this technology to consumer electronics manufacturers for them to modify and use in the production of DVRs that enable the TiVo service. We also provide the design to our contract manufacturer that produces TiVo-branded DVRs. The DVR hardware design has been integrated into a variety of products including DVD players, DVD recorders, DIRECTV receivers, and TiVo service DVRs. The DVR hardware design includes a modular front-end that allows the basic platform to be used for digital and analog broadcast, digital and analog cable, and satellite applications. In addition, the design includes USB ports to allow connection to broadband networks and external devices to enable future services.

 

Significant Relationships

 

DIRECTV. DIRECTV is the largest provider of satellite television in the U.S. We have had a longstanding relationship with DIRECTV in which DIRECTV has assisted us in marketing and delivering the TiVo service to its customer base. This relationship began in 1999 and was expanded in September of 2000 with the release of the first integrated DIRECTV DVR with TiVo. In early 2004, DIRECTV launched its HD DVR with TiVo. As of January 31, 2005, we had acquired approximately 1.9 million subscriptions through this relationship.

 

From 1999 thru October of 2002, we incurred upfront acquisition costs, recognized monthly recurring per subscriber revenues in a range from $4.15 to $9.95, and incurred recurring service costs for these subscribers. We also paid DIRECTV a share of the revenues we collected from TiVo service subscriptions with DVRs who subscribed to the DIRECTV service prior to June 30, 2003.

 

During 2002, we modified our agreements with the goal of giving DIRECTV the ability and economic incentive to drive volume growth. Under our new agreement, DIRECTV pays us a recurring monthly per-household fee for access to the technology needed to offer its customers the TiVo service. We incur limited recurring expenses and, on a marginal basis, limited or no acquisition costs for these subscriptions.

 

We entered into a services agreement with DIRECTV on February 15, 2002. Under the services agreement, DIRECTV has agreed to distribute, under a revenue-sharing relationship, features of the TiVo service that enable advanced automatic recording capabilities and the delivery of promotional video to DIRECTV receivers with TiVo service. We entered into a new services agreement with DIRECTV on March 31, 2005. Under this amended and restated services agreement, DIRECTV has agreed to continue to distribute features of the TiVo service that enable advanced automatic recording capabilities and the delivery of promotional video to DIRECTV receivers with TiVo service. Subject to certain restrictions and exceptions, both DIRECTV and TiVo may sell advertising and audience measurement data under the agreement, with each party retaining all their respective revenues generated from such sales. The agreement also provides for DIRECTV to receive certain audience measurement reports from TiVo related to use of DIRECTV DVR receivers with the TiVo service, and for TiVo to sell additional custom research services to DIRECTV and DIRECTV advertising clients at the request of DIRECTV. The term of the amended and restated services agreement expires concurrently with termination or expiration of the development agreement with DIRECTV, discussed below.

 

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Our current development agreement with DIRECTV expires in February 2007. Afterwards, while DIRECTV will have the option to continue to service the existing DIRECTV receivers with TiVo service without further payment to us, it will not be able to add new DIRECTV receivers with TiVo service unless DIRECTV elects either to purchase a royalty-bearing technology license from us or to renew or replace our current agreement.

 

DIRECTV has recently announced that its core initiatives and new customer acquisition will focus on its new DVR from NDS. We expect that our DIRECTV subscription growth rate may decline in the future.

 

We also recognize revenue from DIRECTV for engineering professional services work on integrated DIRECTV satellite receivers with TiVo service and the related service infrastructure. We are currently providing DIRECTV with engineering professional services related to a new version of our integrated DIRECTV satellite receiver with TiVo service that supports high definition television service, as well as engineering professional services related to hardware and service cost improvements and feature enhancements for existing platforms and customers.

 

Comcast. On March 15, 2005, we entered into a non-exclusive licensing and marketing agreement with Comcast STB Software DVR, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Comcast Corporation, and Comcast Corporation, as guarantor of Comcast STB’s obligations under the agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, we have agreed to develop a TiVo-branded software solution for deployment on Comcast’s DVR platforms, which would enable any TiVo-specific DVR and networking features requested by Comcast, such as WishList searches, Season Pass recordings, home media features, and TiVoToGo transfers. In addition, we have agreed to develop an advertising management system for deployment on Comcast platforms to enable the provision of local and national advertising to Comcast subscribers.

 

Under the agreement, Comcast will pay TiVo an upfront fee and a recurring monthly fee per Comcast subscriber who receives the TiVo service through Comcast. Comcast will also pay us fees for engineering services for the development and integration of the TiVo service software solution (subject to adjustment under certain circumstances) and the advertising management system.

 

The initial term of this agreement is for seven years from completion of the TiVo service software solution, with Comcast permitted to renew for additional 1-year terms for up to a total of 8 additional years as long as certain deployment thresholds have been achieved. During the term of the agreement, TiVo will provide Comcast with certain customer and maintenance support and will provide certain additional development work. TiVo will have the continuing right to sell certain types of advertising in connection with the TiVo service offered through Comcast. TiVo will also have a limited right to sell certain types of advertising on other Comcast DVR set-top boxes enabled with the advertising management system, subject to Comcast’s option to terminate such right in exchange for certain advertising-related payments. Development and deployment of the TiVo service software solution and advertising management system is targeted to occur within two years from the date of the agreement, with certain consequences, including, but not limited to, termination of the agreement, in the event development of the TiVo service software solution has not been completed by such date. As part of this agreement, Comcast is receiving a non-exclusive, non-transferable license to our intellectual property in order to deploy the TiVo service software solution and advertising management system, including certain trademark branding rights and a covenant not to assert under our patents, which rights extend only to Comcast Corporation, its affiliates, and certain of its vendors and suppliers with respect to Comcast products and services. Such non-exclusive, non-transferable license to our intellectual property will, under certain circumstances, continue after the termination of this agreement. In addition, Comcast is entitled to certain most favored customer terms as compared with other multi-channel video distributors who license certain TiVo technology. Pursuant to the terms of this agreement, Comcast has the right to terminate the agreement in the event we are subject of certain change of control transactions involving any of certain specified companies.

 

Hardware Manufacturers. Several companies, including Toshiba, Humax, Pioneer, Sony, Philips, Thomson Multimedia, and Hughes, have manufactured and distributed TiVo-enabled DVRs during the last three years. Each third party manufacturer is responsible for the manufacturing and distribution of its branded DVRs and DVD recorders. We are solely responsible for the activation of the TiVo service on a third party manufacturer’s DVR or DVD recorders if the purchaser of the unit decides to purchase a subscription to the TiVo service. A TiVo-enabled DVR or DVD recorder without a subscription to the TiVo service has minimal functionality but can be used to pause, rewind, and fast-forward through live or manually recorded shows.

 

We also engage contract manufacturers to build TiVo-enabled DVRs. We distribute these DVRs, selling them both directly to consumers and to major retailers. The table below shows the breakdown of DVRs compatible with the TiVo service that were manufactured during the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended
January 31,


 

TiVo-enabled DVRs Manufactured by:


   2005

    2004

    2003

 

Consumer Electronics Manufacturers

   72 %   61 %   41 %

Contract Manufacturers for TiVo

   26 %   31 %   54 %

Licensing and Engineering Professional Services Customer

   2 %   8 %   5 %
    

 

 

Total Manufactured TiVo-enabled DVRs

   100 %   100 %   100 %
    

 

 

 

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TGC, Inc. On August 9, 2004, we acquired a minority interest in TGC, Inc. (“TGC”), a newly formed independent entity. In exchange for our interest in TGC, we granted TGC a license to certain aspects of our technology for use in The People’s Republic of China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Through TGC, our management expects to gain access to high quality, low-cost engineering resources for the design and development of reduced-cost digital video recorder platforms. Management believes that this investment will enable our internal research and development team to focus on future service-related enhancements and initiatives. Management expects TGC to engage in design, development, and licensing activities related to reduced-cost digital video recorder platforms and technology. We and TGC have agreed to share certain costs and expenses relating to research and development. Management also expects TGC will pursue opportunities to market TiVo technology in The People’s Republic of China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. TGC’s technology license from TiVo is exclusive for the first five years and non-exclusive to TGC for a perpetual period afterwards. Subject to certain terms and conditions, this license grants TGC limited access to portions of TiVo’s source code and provides for both parties to exchange improvements to that code during the first five years. We will be entitled to royalty payments from TGC in limited circumstances. In addition, TGC has agreed not to market, without our prior consent, any DVR products or DVR services that do not support the TiVo service outside of the People’s Republic of China, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. In the United States, TGC may offer DVR products that support the TiVo service only to TiVo, authorized TiVo licensees or TiVo approved retail distributors.

 

Sales and Marketing

 

Consumer Offerings. We sell the TiVo service directly to consumers who have purchased a TiVo-enabled DVR. We sell the TiVo service either for a monthly subscription rate of $12.95, or for a single payment of $299 for the lifetime of the DVR. TiVo-enabled DVRs are available from major retailers across the United States, including Best Buy, Circuit City, Costco, Amazon.com, Tweeter, The Good Guys, and Target. We recognize revenues from the sale of TiVo-branded DVRs manufactured for us. To drive sales while managing costs, we have shared marketing expenses with key retailers, and in some cases, we have offered to share a portion of the subscription revenues.

 

Services to Television Distributors. We also sell our technology and services to television distributors, such as DIRECTV and Comcast, who then market (or in the case of Comcast, plan to market in the future) the TiVo service to their subscribers either directly or, in the case of DIRECTV, also through major retailers across the United States.

 

Services to the Advertising Industry. Our advertising and promotions offerings are sold through a dedicated team of salespeople and through partnerships with third parties like Nielsen Media Research.

 

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Research and Product Development

 

Our research and development efforts are focused on designing and developing the components necessary to enable the TiVo service. These activities include both hardware and software development.

 

    

Fiscal Year Ended

January 31,


TiVo Inc.


   2005

   2004

   2003

     (in millions)

Research and Development Expenses

   $ 37.6    $ 22.2    $ 20.7

 

Although our total company employee headcount increased by approximately 11% in fiscal year 2005, we increased the number of our regular, temporary, and part-time employees engaged in research and development by 8% from a total of 212 to 228 as of January 31, 2005 compared to January 31, 2004.

 

Competition

 

We believe that the principal competitive factors in the DVR market are brand recognition and awareness, functionality, ease of use, availability, and pricing. We currently see two primary categories of DVR competitors: DVRs offered by consumer electronics companies, and DVRs offered by cable and satellite operators.

 

Within each of these two categories, the competition can be further segmented into those offering what we define as basic DVR functionality, and those offering enhanced DVR functionality. Basic DVR functionality includes no or limited program guide data and “VCR-like” controls with manual timeslot-based recordings, usually with no DVR service fee after the consumer purchases the enabling hardware. TiVo Basic service, offered on select TiVo-enabled DVD recorders made by Toshiba and Pioneer, which provides limited program data without a subscription, is an example of basic DVR functionality. Enhanced DVR functionality includes rich program guide data and enhanced scheduling and personalization features, and may or may not require a DVR service fee. The TiVo service, required for most TiVo-enabled DVRs, and offered as an upgrade for select TiVo-enabled DVD recorders made by Toshiba and Pioneer, are examples of enhanced DVR functionality.

 

Consumer Electronics Competitors. We compete against several types of products with basic or enhanced DVR functionality offered by consumer electronics companies and PC manufacturers. These products record an analog television signal output from a cable or satellite set-top box, analog cable feed, or antenna.

 

    DVRs and hard drive-equipped DVD recorders, TVs, and Game Consoles: ReplayTV continues to offer standalone DVRs with enhanced DVR functionality in limited retail distribution. Several consumer electronics companies, including Panasonic and Sony, produce DVD recorders with hard drives. In addition, several consumer electronics companies, including RCA and Toshiba, offer TVs that can connect to external hard drives to allow for recording of television programming. Some of these TVs offer CableCARD functionality, allowing the receipt of encrypted digital cable programming without the need for a digital cable set-top box. In general, these hard-drive equipped DVD recorders and TVs do not require DVR service fees and offer basic DVR functionality. In the future, companies such as Sony and Microsoft could incorporate DVR technology into their video game consoles.

 

    Personal computers with DVR software: Microsoft’s Windows XP Media Center Edition contains expanded digital media features including enhanced DVR functionality. PC manufacturers including Dell and Hewlett Packard offer PCs running this Microsoft software.

 

Satellite and Cable DVR Competitors. We compete against cable and satellite set-top boxes that integrate basic or enhanced DVR functionality into multi-channel receivers.

 

    Satellite: EchoStar offers a range of DVR models, including standard definition and high definition models, most of which offer dual tuner capabilities. Certain models can output signals to multiple TVs within the household. Certain models now offer name-based recordings instead of timeslot-based recordings. Our single largest customer, DIRECTV, has announced that it plans to introduce a competing DVR service to its customers this year.

 

   

Cable: Scientific-Atlanta sells Explorer 8000 integrated digital cable DVR set-top box to cable operators. Motorola sells the DCT6208 and DCT6412 integrated digital cable DVR set-top boxes to cable operators. These products combine digital and analog cable reception with DVR functionality; some versions offer dual tuner and/or high definition capabilities. In addition, Scientific-Atlanta and Motorola have announced plans to build integrated cable DVRs for cable operator Charter Communications and others using Moxi Media Center software from Digeo. In November 2004, Comcast and Microsoft

 

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announced that Comcast would deploy Microsoft TV Foundation Edition software to more than 1.0 million Comcast subscribers in Washington State. For subscribers with cable DVR set-top boxes, this Microsoft software supports dual tuner enhanced DVR functionality.

 

U.S. cable operators are currently deploying server-based Video on Demand (VOD) technology to stream video across the network to a digital cable set-top box within the consumer’s home. Cable operators can use VOD to deliver movies, television shows, and other content to consumers. Consumers can watch this programming on demand, with VCR-like pausing and rewinding capabilities. Operators can charge consumers for access to VOD content on a per-transaction or monthly subscription basis, or can offer content without charge. To the extent that cable operators offer regular television programming as part of their VOD offerings, consumers have an alternate means of watching time-shifted shows besides DVRs.

 

Licensing Fees. Our licensing revenues depend both upon our ability to successfully negotiate licensing agreements with our consumer electronics and service provider customers and, in turn, upon our customers’ successful commercialization of their underlying products. In addition, we face competition from companies such as Microsoft, Gemstar, OpenTV, NDS, D&M Holdings, Digeo, Ucentric, Gotuit, and 2Wire who have created competing digital video recording technologies. Such companies may offer more economically attractive licensing agreements to service providers and manufacturers of DVRs. Going forward, in our relationships with manufacturers and distributors, we are shifting focus from upfront license and engineering professional services payments to recurring royalty and service payments.

 

Established Competition for Advertising Budgets. Digital video recorder services, in general, and TiVo, specifically, also compete with traditional advertising media such as print, radio, and television for a share of advertisers’ total advertising budgets. If advertisers do not perceive digital video recording services, in general, and TiVo specifically, as an effective advertising medium, they may be reluctant to devote a significant portion of their advertising budget to promotions on the TiVo service. In addition, advertisers may not support or embrace the TiVo technology due to a belief that our technology’s ability to fast-forward through commercials will reduce the effectiveness of general television advertising.

 

Patents and Intellectual Property

 

We have filed patent applications covering many critical aspects of the design, functionality, and operation of the TiVo digital video recorder and the TiVo service. We have been awarded 70 foreign and domestic patents and have 106 foreign and domestic patent applications pending. We have also filed patent applications related to technology that we may incorporate in future versions of the TiVo service and hardware. Patents we hold the rights to include:

 

    U.S. patent number 6,327,418, entitled Method and Apparatus Implementing Random Access and Time-Based Functions on a Continuous Stream of Formatted Digital Data, originally filed on April 3, 1998, which describes a method of controlling streaming media in a digital device, including the functions that enable DVRs to pause live TV as well as rewind, fast-forward, play, play faster, play slower, and play in reverse television signals cached by the DVR. We refer to this as the “TrickPlay” patent. The expiration date of the TrickPlay patent is April 3, 2018.

 

    U.S. patent number 6,792,195 entitled Method and Apparatus Implementing Random Access and Time-Based Functions on a Continuous Stream of Formatted Digital Data, which is a continuation of the TrickPlay patent. The expiration date of this patent is likewise April 3, 2018.

 

    U.S. patent 6,233,389, entitled Multimedia Time Warping System, originally filed on July 30, 1998, which describes many of the key inventions associated with the TiVo-enabled DVR software and hardware design. We refer to this as the “TimeWarp” patent. Key inventions claimed in the patent include a method for recording one program while playing back another or watching a program as it is recording, often referred to as time-shifting the program; a method for efficient and low-cost processing and synchronizing of the various multimedia streams in a television signal such as video, audio, and closed-captioning, and a storage format that easily supports advanced TrickPlay capabilities. The expiration date of the Time Warp patent is July 30, 2018.

 

TiVo has also acquired the exclusive right to license and enforce U.S. patent number 5,241,428 entitled Variable-Delay Video Recorder known in the industry as the Goldwasser Patent. Filed in March 1991, the Goldwasser Patent is one of the earliest patents regarding digital video recorders of which we are aware. This patent covers devices that permit the simultaneous recording and playback of video material with a variable time delay between recording and playback of a given video program segment. The expiration date of the Goldwasser Patent is March 12, 2011.

 

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We have also purchased 12 foreign and domestic patents and 6 foreign patent applications from International Business Machines Corporation. These patents and patent applications generally relate to audience research and measurement, integration of television signals with internet access, automatic rescheduling of recordings, content screening, enhanced program information search, and electronic program guide interface enhancements.

 

Several of our early patent applications have been examined and claims allowed by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. In addition, certain of our patents have been examined and approved under the terms of the Patent Convention Treaty, which provides for nominal acceptance of the patent in countries that are signatories to the treaty, which includes most countries in the world. We are currently filing for acceptance in key countries around the world.

 

We have secured U.S. registrations for the marks “TiVo,” the TiVo Logo, TiVo Smile Design, “TiVo Central,” “Can’t Miss TV,” “Ipreview,” “TiVoMatic,” “TV Your Way,” “What you want, when you want it,” “TiVolution,” the Jump Logo, the Thumbs Up Logo, and the Thumbs Down Logo. We have filed many other trademark applications covering substantially all of our trade dress, logos, and slogans, including: “DIRECTIVO,” “Overtime Scheduler,” “Primetime Anytime,” “Season Pass,” “See it, want it, get it,” and “Wishlist.” These applications are currently pending with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Additionally, we have international trademark applications pending for several of these trademarks. We have licensed the use of our name and logo to some of our customers and consumer electronics manufacturers.

 

We anticipate ongoing progress in our establishment of a defensible and useful intellectual property portfolio; however, there can be no assurance that current patents will be enforceable or our current patent applications will ever be allowed or granted. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Factors that May Affect Future Operating Results – Our success depends on our ability to secure and protect our patents, trademarks, and other proprietary rights” for additional information concerning our intellectual property.

 

Privacy Policy

 

We have adopted a privacy policy, which we make available on our website and deliver to each new subscriber to the TiVo service. This policy was last updated in June 2004 to cover new commerce features that we plan to introduce in the future. This policy explains that we collect certain types of information such as anonymous viewing and diagnostic information, but all viewing -information that is linked or associated with an individual identity will not be disclosed without the viewer’s affirmative consent. We further give subscribers the ability to “opt-out” from the collection of anonymous viewing information and diagnostic information log files.

 

We have designed a system that ensures that any viewing information transmitted from our receiver is anonymous on the receiver and remains unidentifiable to a particular viewer (known as anonymous viewing information), unless that subscriber affirmatively consents to such identification before any viewing data leaves the receiver. Anonymous viewing information is collected separately from any information that identifies a viewer personally. As a result, we may be able to use this anonymous information to tell a broadcast or advertising client the percentage of our viewers that recorded a particular program or advertisement, but we will not know, nor be able to tell the client, which of our viewers did so, unless a viewer decides to provide that information.

 

Employees

 

At April 1, 2005, we employed approximately 343 employees, including 35 in service operations, 193 in research and development, 33 in sales and marketing, and 82 in general and administration. We also employ, from time to time, a number of temporary and part-time employees as well as consultants on a contract basis. At April 1, 2005, we employed 35 such persons. Our future success will depend in part on our ability to attract, train, retain, and motivate highly qualified employees. We may not be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel. Our employees are not represented by a collective bargaining organization and we have never experienced a work stoppage or strike. Our management considers employee relations to be good.

 

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Executive Officers and Key Employees (as of April 1, 2005):

 

Name


  

Age


    

Position


Michael Ramsay

   55      Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Director

Thomas Rogers

   50      Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors, Director

David H. Courtney

   46      Executive Vice President Worldwide Operations and Administration and Chief Financial Officer, Director

Brodie Keast

   49      Executive Vice President TiVo Service

James Barton

   47      Senior Vice President of Research and Development and Chief Technical Officer

Mark A. Roberts

   44      Senior Vice President of Engineering

Matt Wisk

   45      Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer

Nancy Kato

   50      Vice President of Human Resources

Ken Kershner

   44      Vice President of Service Engineering

Luther Kitahata

   40      Vice President of Software Engineering

Jeff Klugman

   44      Vice President of Platform Business

Edward Lichty

   35      Vice President of Business Development

Joe Miller

   38      Vice President of Sales

Stuart West

   35      Vice President of Finance

Matthew Zinn

   40      Vice President, General Counsel, Corporate Secretary, and Chief Privacy Officer

Steve Zoppi

   45      Vice President of Information Technology and Chief Information Officer

 

Michael Ramsay is a co-founder of TiVo and has served as TiVo’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer since our inception in August 1997. From April 1996 to July 1997, Mr. Ramsay was the Senior Vice President of the Silicon Desktop Group for Silicon Graphics, Inc. (“SGI”), a manufacturer of advanced graphics computers. From August 1994 to April 1996, Mr. Ramsay was President of Silicon Studio, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of SGI focused on enabling applications development for emerging interactive media markets. From July 1991 to August 1994, Mr. Ramsay served as the Senior Vice President and General Manager of SGI’s Visual Systems Group. Mr. Ramsay also held the positions of vice president and general manager for the Entry Systems Division of SGI. Prior to 1986, Mr. Ramsay held research & development and engineering management positions at Hewlett-Packard and Convergent Technologies. Additionally, Mr. Ramsay served on the board of directors of Netflix, Inc. (NASDAQ:NFLX), an online DVD rental service, until September 29, 2004. Mr. Ramsay holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. On January 12, 2005, Mr. Ramsay announced that he had initiated a succession process to identify a new CEO for the company. He will continue as Chairman of the Board on a going-forward basis and will remain as CEO until a successor is identified.

 

Thomas S. Rogers was appointed by the board of directors to serve as a director in September 2003, and was named Vice Chairman in October 2004. In addition to his role with TiVo, Mr. Rogers is Chairman of the Board of Teleglobe International Holdings, Ltd. (NASDAQ:TLGB), a provider of international voice, data, internet, and mobile roaming services. He is also Chairman of TRget Media L.L.C., a media industry investment and operations advisory firm. Mr. Rogers is also the Senior Operating Executive for media and entertainment at Cerberus Capital Management, a large private equity firm. From October 1999 until April 2003, Mr. Rogers was Chairman and CEO of PRIMEDIA, Inc. (NYSE:PRM), a print, video, and online media company. From January 1987 until October 1999, Mr. Rogers held positions with National Broadcast Company, Inc. including President of NBC Cable and Executive Vice President. Mr. Rogers holds a B.A. degree in Government from Wesleyan University, and a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School.

 

David H. Courtney joined TiVo in March 1999 as Chief Financial Officer and is currently Executive Vice President of Worldwide Operations and Administration, Chief Financial Officer, and a member of the board of directors. From May 1995 to July 1998, Mr. Courtney served as a Managing Director at J.P. Morgan, an investment bank, where he was responsible for building and expanding the firm’s high technology investment banking business in the United States. From 1986 to 1995, Mr. Courtney was a member of the high technology investment banking group at Goldman, Sachs & Co., most recently serving as Vice President. Mr. Courtney serves on the board of directors of Silicon Image Inc. (NADSAQ:SIMG), a semiconductor and system solutions company and serves on the Board of Trustees of the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy. Mr. Courtney holds a B.A. degree in Economics from Dartmouth College and an M.B.A. degree from the Stanford Business School.

 

Brodie Keast was named Executive Vice President of TiVo Service in March 2004. He had served as Senior Vice President, General Manager of TiVo service since November 2001. In December 1999, Mr. Keast joined TiVo as Vice President of Sales and Marketing. Prior to joining TiVo, Mr. Keast was employed with Quantum Corporation from 1996 through 1999 most recently serving as Vice President and General Manager for Quantum’s DLT Tape Division. Prior to joining Quantum, he spent ten years at Apple Computer where he held a number of executive marketing positions. Mr. Keast holds a B.S. degree in Computer Science from California State University, Chico.

 

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James Barton is a co-founder of TiVo and served as TiVo’s Vice President of Research and Development, Chief Technical Officer and Director since our inception to January 2004 and is currently Senior Vice President of Research and Development and Chief Technical Officer. From June 1996 to August 1997, Mr. Barton was President and Chief Executive Officer of Network Age Software, Inc., a company that he founded to develop software products targeted at managed electronic distribution. From November 1994 to May 1996, Mr. Barton served as Chief Technical Officer of Interactive Digital Solutions Company, a joint venture of Silicon Graphics and AT&T Network Systems created to develop interactive television systems. From June 1993 to November 1994, Mr. Barton served as Vice President and General Manager of the Media Systems Division of SGI. From January 1990 to May 1991, Mr. Barton served as Vice President and General Manager for the Systems Software Division of Silicon Graphics. Prior to joining SGI, Mr. Barton held technical and management positions with Hewlett-Packard and Bell Laboratories. Mr. Barton holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering and an M.S. degree in Computer Science from the University of Colorado at Boulder.

 

Mark A. Roberts was named Senior Vice President of Engineering in December 2002. He had served as Chief Information Officer of TiVo since March 1999 and Vice President of Information Technology since July 1999. Prior to joining TiVo, he served as Vice President of Information Technology at Acuson Corporation, a medical ultrasound company, from March 1996 to March 1999. From July 1990 to March 1996, Mr. Roberts was Director of Information Systems at SGI. Mr. Roberts holds a B.S. degree in Economics from Santa Clara University.

 

Matt Wisk has served as Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer since September 2004. Prior to joining TiVo, Mr. Wisk was Chief Marketing Officer for Herbalife International, a nutrition products company. Prior to joining Herbalife, Mr. Wisk was with Nokia, a wireless communications equipment company, for nine years. At Nokia he held various positions in the marketing organization, most recently as Vice President, Marketing, North and South America. Mr. Wisk holds a B.A. degree in Marketing and an M.B.A. degree from Michigan State University.

 

Nancy Kato has served as Vice President of Human Resources since January 2005. Prior to joining TiVo, Ms. Kato was Vice President of Global Compensation for Hewlett-Packard. She was also Senior Vice President of Human Resources for Ariba and has held senior director roles for Compaq and Tandem. She was a former undergraduate instructor, sponsored by the Schools of Medicine and Psychology, at Stanford University. Ms. Kato holds a B.A. degree in Health Sciences and a M.A. in Counseling and Education from San Jose State University.

 

Ken Kershner joined TiVo in July 2000 and is currently Vice President of Service Engineering. Previously he served as Engineering VP at TenTV.com, a streaming media educational services firm. From March 1991 to August 1999, Mr. Kershner held engineering and program management positions at SGI focused on digital media and web applications. Prior to SGI, Mr. Kershner worked at Hewlett Packard and Texas Instruments. Mr. Kershner holds a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Duke University and an M.B.A. degree from M.I.T.’s Sloan School.

 

Luther Kitahata has served as Vice President of Software Engineering since October 2000. He joined TiVo in 1998 as the Director of Software. Prior to joining TiVo, Mr. Kitahata was part of the founding team at Navio Communications (now Liberate Technologies) where he worked in both managerial and engineering capacities from April of 1996 to January 1998. Prior to 1996, Mr. Kitahata was founder and Director of Engineering of E-Motion, a provider of content distribution and multimedia collaboration systems. Mr. Kitahata holds an M.S. degree and a B.A. degree with honors in Computer Science from Brown University.

 

Jeff Klugman has served as Vice President of Platform Business since December 2001. Prior to joining TiVo, Mr. Klugman was CEO of PointsBeyond.com, an internet-portal start-up focused on outdoor activities and adventures. In 1999, Mr. Klugman was Vice President of Marketing and Business Development for one of Quantum’s business units. Mr. Klugman holds a B.S. degree in engineering from Carnegie Mellon University and an M.B.A. degree from the Stanford Business School.

 

Edward Lichty was named Vice President of Business Development in November 2002. Prior to joining TiVo in April 1998, Mr. Lichty was a member of the finance team at International Wireless Communications, a wireless service provider with operating companies in Latin America and Asia. Mr. Lichty began his career in the investment banking group at Stephens Inc., a privately-held firm located in Little Rock, AR. Mr. Lichty received a B.A. degree in American Literature from Yale University and holds an M.B.A. degree from the Stanford Business School.

 

Joe Miller has served as Vice President of Sales since October 2000. From June 1999 to October 2000, Mr. Miller served as Director of Channel Marketing for TiVo. Prior to joining TiVo, Mr. Miller was employed with U.S. Satellite Broadcasting from 1994 to 1999, most recently serving as General Manager of Retail Sales. Prior to joining U.S. Satellite Broadcasting, Mr. Miller was National Sales Manager for Cox Satellite Programming. Mr. Miller holds a B.A. degree in Public Relations from Southwest Texas State University.

 

Stuart West has served as Vice President of Finance since November 2002. Prior to joining TiVo in December 2000, Mr. West was a business development executive at venture-backed Silicon Valley software and service startups. Prior to that, Mr. West was a Vice President at J.P. Morgan, where he managed mergers, IPO’s, and other financings for technology companies. Mr. West’s other

 

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work experience includes Texas Instruments, the U.S. State Department, and the White House. He holds a B.A. in History from Yale University and completed the Stanford Business School’s Executive Program for Growing Companies.

 

Matthew Zinn has served as Vice President, General Counsel, and Chief Privacy Officer since July 2000 and as Corporate Secretary since November 2003. From May 1998 to July 2000, Mr. Zinn was the Senior Attorney, Broadband Law and Policy for the MediaOne Group, a global communications company. From August 1995 to May 1998, Mr. Zinn served as corporate counsel for Continental Cablevision, the third largest cable television operator in the United States. From November 1993 to August 1995, he was an associate with the Washington, D.C., law firm of Cole, Raywid & Braverman, where he represented cable operators in federal, state, and local matters. Mr. Zinn holds a B.A. degree in Political Science from the University of Vermont and holds a J.D. degree from the George Washington University National Law Center.

 

Steve Zoppi has served as Vice President of Information Technology and Chief Information Officer since June 2004. From March 2002 to June 2004, Mr. Zoppi was Vice President of Operations for Hotwire, Inc, an online provider of discount travel. From July 1999 to February 2002, Mr. Zoppi was Vice President and Chief Information Officer for Electronics for Imaging, creator of software and hardware digital imaging solutions for network printing. Mr. Zoppi holds a B.S. degree in Information Systems Management and an A.S. in Music from the University of San Francisco.

 

Other Information

 

TiVo was incorporated in August 1997 as a Delaware corporation and is located in Alviso, California. In August of 2000, we formed a wholly owned subsidiary, TiVo (UK) Ltd., in the United Kingdom. In October of 2001, we formed a subsidiary, TiVo International, Inc., a Delaware corporation. On January 12, 2004, we acquired Strangeberry, Inc., a small Palo Alto based technology company specializing in using home network and broadband technologies to create new entertainment experiences on television. On July 16, 2004, TiVo Intl. II, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of TiVo Inc., was incorporated in the Cayman Islands. On March 22, 2005, TiVo Brands LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of TiVo Inc., was incorporated in the State of Delaware.

 

We maintain an Internet website at the following address: www.tivo.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K or in any other filings we make with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

 

We make available on or through our website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Securities Exchange Act”). These include our annual reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and our current reports on Form 8-K. We make this information available on or through our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

 

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

 

Properties

 

Our corporate headquarters, which houses our administrative, sales and marketing, customer service and product development activities, is located in Alviso, California, under a lease that expires in March 2007. We believe that our corporate facilities will be adequate to meet our office space needs for the next several years as we currently utilize approximately 90% of the total office space. Our facilities lease obligations are subject to periodic increases and we believe that our existing facilities are well maintained and in good operating condition.

 

Additionally, we currently lease international office space in Berkshire, United Kingdom under a lease that expires in March 2006. We have vacated this facility and no longer maintain an office in the United Kingdom.

 

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

 

Compression Labs Litigation. On August 5, 2004, Compression Labs, Inc. filed a complaint against TiVo Inc., Acer American Corporation, AudioVox Corporation, BancTec, Inc., BenQ America Corporation, Color Dreams, Inc. (d/b/a StarDot Technologies), Google Inc., ScanSoft, Inc., Sun Microsystems Inc., Veo Inc., and Yahoo! Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas alleging infringement, inducement of others to infringe, and contributory infringement of U.S. Patent No. 4,698,672, entitled “Coding System For Reducing Redundancy. “ The complaint alleges that Compression Labs, Inc. is the owner of this patent and has the exclusive rights to sue and recover for infringement thereof. The complaint further alleges that the defendants have infringed, induced infringement, and contributorily infringed this patent by selling devices and/or systems in the United States, at least portions of which are designed to be at least partly compliant with the JPEG standard. On February 16, 2005, the Court ordered the case transferred to The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. We are incurring expenses in connection with this litigation that may become material in the future, and in the event there is an adverse outcome, our business could be harmed.

 

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EchoStar Communications Litigation. On January 5, 2004, we filed a complaint against EchoStar Communications Corporation in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas alleging willful and deliberate infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,233,389, entitled “Multimedia Time Warping System.” On January 15, 2004, we amended our complaint to add EchoStar DBS Corporation, EchoStar Technologies Corporation, and Echosphere Limited Liability Corporation as additional defendants. We allege that we are the owner of this patent, and further allege that the defendants have willfully and deliberately infringed this patent by making, selling, offering to sell and/or selling digital video recording devices, digital video recording device software, and/or personal television services in the United States. On March 9, 2005, the Court denied motions to dismiss and transfer our patent infringement case against EchoStar Communications Corporation and its affiliates. The Court scheduled jury selection to begin October 4, 2005 in Marshall, Texas. We seek unspecified monetary damages as well as an injunction against the defendants’ further infringement of the patent. We are incurring expenses in connection with this litigation that may become material, and in the event there is an adverse outcome, our business could be harmed.

 

Indemnification of Sony Corporation Against Command Audio Corporation Lawsuit. On February 5, 2002, Sony Corporation notified us that Command Audio Corporation had filed a complaint against Sony Electronics, Inc. on February 2, 2002 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. The complaint alleges that, in connection with its sale of digital video recorders and other products, Sony infringes upon two patents owned by Command Audio, (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,590,195 (“Information Dissemination Using Various Transmission Modes”) and 6,330,334 (“Method and System for Information Dissemination Using Television Signals”). The complaint seeks injunctive relief, compensatory and treble damages and Command Audio’s costs and expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees. On June 15, 2004, the court denied Sony’s motion for summary judgment of invalidity and granted in part and denied in part Command Audio’s motion for summary judgment of infringement. The court found that certain Sony products, including Sony’s accused products that enable the TiVo service, literally infringed certain claims of the ‘334 patent but did not rule on the validity or enforceability of the patents. A trial limited to certain of Sony’s allegations that the patents-in-suit are unenforceable was conducted in October 2004. On January 7, 2005, the Court issued a Findings of Facts and Conclusions of Law ruling that the patents-in-suit are not unenforceable based on the allegations presented in the October 2004 trial. Trial of the remaining issues, including infringement of certain asserted patent claims, validity of all the asserted patent claims and Sony’s remaining allegations regarding the enforceability of the patents, is scheduled to commence in October 2005. Under the terms of our agreement with Sony governing the distribution of certain digital video recorders that enable the TiVo service, TiVo is required to indemnify Sony against any and all claims, damages, liabilities, costs and expenses relating to claims that its technology infringes upon intellectual property rights owned by third parties. We believe Sony has meritorious defenses against this lawsuit; however, due to our indemnification obligations, we are incurring expenses in connection with this litigation. Since February 2002, we have incurred $5.5 million in legal expenses. The outcome of this matter or range of potential losses is currently not determinable. If Sony were to lose this lawsuit, our business could be harmed.

 

Pause Technology LLC. On September 25, 2001, Pause Technology LLC filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts alleging willful and deliberate infringement of U.S. Reissue Patent No. 36,801, entitled “Time Delayed Digital Video System Using Concurrent Recording and Playback.” Pause Technology alleges that it is the owner of this patent, and further alleges that we have willfully and deliberately infringed this patent by making, selling, offering to sell, and using within the United States the TiVo digital video recorder. Pause Technology seeks unspecified monetary damages as well as an injunction against our operations. It also seeks attorneys’ fees and costs. On February 6, 2004, we obtained a favorable summary judgment ruling in the case in the District Court. The court ruled that our software versions 2.0 and above do not infringe Pause Technology’s patent, and accordingly has ordered that judgment be entered in our favor. On June 16, 2004, Pause Technology filed an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit appealing the February 6, 2004 summary judgment ruling in favor of TiVo. On March 14, 2005, the Appeals Court rejected Pause Technology’s appeal as premature pending the outcome of our remaining cross-claims for patent invalidity. On April 7, 2005, the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts issued an Amended Final Judgment dismissing without prejudice our remaining cross-claim for patent invalidity as being moot in light of the February 9, 2004 judgment in favor of TiVo against Pause Technology as to all claims of infringement in Pause Technology’s complaint. On April 8, 2005, Pause Technology filed a notice of appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit appealing the April 7, 2005 Amended Final Judgment. We are incurring expenses in connection with this litigation that may become material in the future, and in the event there is an adverse outcome, our business could be harmed.

 

IPO Litigation. On June 12, 2001, a securities class action lawsuit in which TiVo and certain of our officers and directors are named as defendants was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. This action, which is captioned Wercberger v. TiVo et al., also names several of the underwriters involved in our initial public offering as defendants. This class action was brought on behalf of a purported class of purchasers of our common stock from September 30, 1999, the time of our initial public offering, through December 6, 2000. The central allegation in this action is that our IPO underwriters solicited and received undisclosed commissions from, and entered into undisclosed arrangements with, certain investors who purchased our common stock in our IPO and the after-market. The complaint also alleges that the TiVo defendants violated the federal securities laws by failing to disclose in our IPO prospectus that the underwriters had engaged in these allegedly undisclosed arrangements. More than 150 issuers have been named in similar lawsuits. In July 2002, an omnibus motion to dismiss all complaints against issuers and individual defendants affiliated with issuers (including the TiVo defendants) was filed by the entire group of issuer defendants in these similar actions. On October 8, 2002, our officers were dismissed as defendants in the lawsuit. On February 19, 2003, the court in this action issued its decision on defendants’ omnibus motion to dismiss. This decision dismissed the Section 10(b) claim as to TiVo but denied the motion to dismiss the Section 11 claim as to TiVo and virtually all of the other issuer-defendants.

 

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On June 26, 2003, the plaintiffs announced a proposed settlement with us and the other issuer defendants. The proposed settlement provides that the plaintiffs will be guaranteed $1.0 billion dollars in recoveries by the insurers of TiVo and other issuer defendants. Accordingly, any direct financial impact of the proposed settlement is expected to be borne by our insurers in accordance with the proposed settlement. In addition, we and the other settling issuer defendants will assign to the plaintiffs certain claims that they may have against the underwriters. If recoveries in excess of $1.0 billion dollars are obtained by the plaintiffs from the underwriters, our and the other issuer defendants’ monetary obligations to the class plaintiffs will be satisfied. Furthermore, the settlement is subject to a hearing on fairness and approval by the Federal District Court overseeing the IPO Litigation. On February 15, 2005, the Court issued an order preliminarily approving the terms of the proposed settlement. The Court also certified the settlement classes and class representatives for purposes of the proposed settlement only. Due to the inherent uncertainties of litigation and assignment of claims against the underwriters, and because the settlement has not yet been finally approved by the Federal District Court, the ultimate outcome of the matter cannot be predicted. In accordance with the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 5, “Accounting for Contingencies”, we believe any contingent liability related to this claim is not probable or estimable and therefore no amounts have been accrued in regards to this matter as of January 31, 2005.

 

Igbinadolor litigation. In August and September 2004, Phillip Igbinadolor, on behalf of himself, filed complaints against TiVo, Sony Corporation, Sony Electronics, Inc., Sony Corporation of America, JVC, Clarrion Corporation of America, and Philips Consumer Electronics Company in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 395,884 and 6,779,196 and U.S. Trademark No. 2,260,689, each relating to an “integrated car dubbing system.” The complaints were consolidated into one action captioned Igbinadolor v. Sony Corporation et al. The complaints allege that Mr. Igbinadolor is the owner of the patents and trademark allegedly infringed. On November 10, 2004, we filed our answer, affirmative defenses and counterclaims and on January 31, 2005, we filed a motion for summary judgment. We are incurring expenses in connection with this litigation that may become material in the future, and in the event there is an adverse outcome, our business could be harmed.

 

Digital Development Corporation Litigation. On November 23, 2004, Digital Development Corporation filed a complaint against us in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging infringement, inducement of others to infringe, and contributory infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 4,975,950 and 5,121,345, each entitled “System and Method of Protecting Integrity of Computer Data and Software.” On January 27, 2005, we entered into a settlement agreement with Digital Development Corporation in which we agreed to license the patents at issue for an immaterial amount, and on February 23, 2005, the Court dismissed the case.

 

ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS

 

No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders during the quarter ended January 31, 2005.

 

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PART II

 

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANTS COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

 

Market Information for Common Equity

 

Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol “TIVO” since September 30, 1999. Prior to that time, there was no public trading market for our common stock. As of April 1, 2005, we had 1,041 stockholders of record.

 

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported by the Nasdaq National Market, on any trading day during the respective period:

 

Fiscal Year 2005


   High

   Low

Fourth Quarter ended January 31, 2005

   $ 6.79    $ 3.85

Third Quarter ended October 31, 2004

   $ 7.34    $ 3.70

Second Quarter ended July 31, 2004

   $ 9.12    $ 4.99

First Quarter ended April 30, 2004

   $ 12.94    $ 6.94

Fiscal Year 2004


   High

   Low

Fourth Quarter ended January 31, 2004

   $ 11.74    $ 6.11

Third Quarter ended October 31, 2003

   $ 11.62    $ 7.12

Second Quarter ended July 31, 2003

   $ 14.51    $ 5.71

First Quarter ended April 30, 2003

   $ 6.49    $ 4.40

 

On April 1, 2005, the closing price of our common stock was $5.24 per share.

 

Dividend Policy

 

We paid no cash dividends during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 and we expect to continue our current policy of paying no cash dividends to holders of our common stock for the foreseeable future.

 

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 

On January 24, 2005, one noteholder tendered for conversion its notes in the aggregate principal amount of $4,500,000 at the then current conversion price of $3.99 per share for a total issuance of 1,127,819 shares of the Company’s common stock effective the same date. Prior to January 24, 2005, on December 21, 2004 and January 19, 2005, the Company had previously issued 125,313 and 300,751 shares of its common stock to two noteholders upon conversion of, respectively, $500,000 and $1,200,000 aggregate principal amounts of the Company’s 7% Convertible Senior Notes due 2006 at the then current conversion price of $3.99 per share. The issuance of these shares of common stock was exempt from registration pursuant to Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act.

 

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Index to Financial Statements
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

 

The following selected financial data as of and for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005, 2004, 2003, and 2002, respectively, have been derived from our consolidated financial statements audited by KPMG LLP, independent auditors. Additionally, the following selected financial data as of and for the one-month transition period ended January 31, 2001 and calendar year ended December 31, 2000 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements audited by Arthur Andersen LLP, independent auditors. These historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for any future period.

 

The data set forth below (in thousands, except per share data) should be read in conjunction with Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

 

     Year Ended

    Year Ended

    Year Ended

    Year Ended

    One-Month
Ended


    Year Ended

 
     January 31,
2005


    January 31,
2004


    January 31,
2003


    January 31,
2002


    January 31,
2001


    December 31,
2000


 
     (in thousands, except per share data)        

Consolidated Statement of Operations Data:

                                                

Revenues

                                                

Service revenues

   $ 107,166     $ 61,560     $ 39,261     $ 19,297     $ 989     $ 3,782  

Technology revenues

     8,310       15,797       20,909       100       —         —    

Hardware revenues

     111,275       72,882       45,620       —         —         —    

Rebates, revenue share, and other payments to the channel

     (54,696 )     (9,159 )     (9,780 )     —         (630 )     (5,029 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


Net Revenues

     172,055       141,080       96,010       19,397       359       (1,247 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


Costs and expenses

                                                

Cost of service revenues

     29,360       17,705       17,119       19,852       1,719       18,734  

Cost of technology revenues

     6,575       13,609       8,033       62       —         —    

Cost of hardware revenues

     120,323       74,836       44,647       —         —         —    

Research and development

     37,634       22,167       20,714       27,205       2,544       25,070  

Sales and marketing

     37,367       18,947       48,117       104,897       13,946       151,658  

General and administrative

     16,593       16,296       14,465       18,875       1,395       15,537  
    


 


 


 


 


 


Loss from operations

     (75,797 )     (22,480 )     (57,085 )     (151,494 )     (19,245 )     (212,246 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


Interest income

     1,548       498       4,483       2,163       672       7,928  

Interest expense and other

     (5,459 )     (9,587 )     (27,569 )     (7,374 )     (17 )     (522 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


Loss before income taxes

     (79,708 )     (31,569 )     (80,171 )     (156,705 )     (18,590 )     (204,840 )

Provision for income taxes

     (134 )     (449 )     (425 )     (1,000 )     —         —    
    


 


 


 


 


 


Net loss

     (79,842 )     (32,018 )     (80,596 )     (157,705 )     (18,590 )     (204,840 )

Less: Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock dividend

     —         —         (220 )     (3,018 )     (423 )     (1,514 )

Less: Accretion to redemption value of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock

     —         —         (1,445 )     —         —         —    
    


 


 


 


 


 


Net loss attributable to common stockholders

   $ (79,842 )   $ (32,018 )   $ (82,261 )   $ (160,723 )   $ (19,013 )   $ (206,354 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


Net loss per share

                                                

Basic and diluted

   $ (0.99 )   $ (0.48 )   $ (1.61 )   $ (3.74 )   $ (0.47 )   $ (5.55 )

Weighted average shares used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per share

     80,264       66,784       51,219       42,956       40,850       37,175  

 

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Index to Financial Statements
     As of January 31,

    As of January 31,

   As of January 31,

    As of January 31,

    As of January 31,

     2005

    2004

   2003

    2002

    2001

     (in thousands)

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:

                                     

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 87,245     $ 138,210    $ 40,401     $ 46,527     $ 102,274

Short-term investments

     19,100       5,025      3,800       5,800       22,200

Total assets

     160,052       183,891      82,320       149,934       211,543

Current redeemable convertible preferred stock

     —         —        —         2       2

Long-term portion of convertible notes payable

     —         6,005      4,265       18,315       —  

Long-term portion of convertible notes payable-related parties

     —         —        3,920       9,426       —  

Long-term portion of deferred revenues

     63,131       46,035      32,373       23,552       12,113

Long-term portion of obligations under capital lease

     —         —        —         2       538

Total paid-in capital for current redeemable convertible preferred stock and redeemable common stock

     —         —        —         46,553       46,553

Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)

     (2,692 )     65,632      (24,697 )     (29,944 )     50,337

 

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Index to Financial Statements

Quarterly Results of Operations

 

The following table represents certain unaudited statement of operations data for our eight most recent quarters ended January 31, 2005. In management’s opinion, this unaudited information has been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual financial statements and includes all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair representation of the unaudited information for the quarters presented. This information should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The results of operations for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any future period. Certain amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

 

     Three Months Ended

 
     Jan 31,
2005


    Oct 31,
2004


    Jul 31,
2004


    Apr 30,
2004


    Jan 31,
2004


    Oct 31,
2003


    Jul 31,
2003


    Apr 30,
2003


 
     (unaudited, in thousands except per share data)  

Revenues

                                                                

Service revenues

   $ 32,996     $ 27,678     $ 24,333     $ 22,159     $ 19,083     $ 16,018     $ 13,757     $ 12,702  

Technology revenues

     1,169       699       3,427       3,015       2,126       6,656       3,649       3,366  

Hardware revenues

     50,452       27,894       18,592       14,337       25,537       24,479       8,057       14,809  

Rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel

     (25,188 )     (17,944 )     (6,576 )     (4,988 )     (4,114 )     (3,897 )     1,209       (2,357 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Net revenues

     59,429       38,327       39,776       34,523       42,632       43,256       26,672       28,520  

Costs of Revenues

                                                                

Cost of service revenues

     10,426       6,505       6,836       5,593       5,252       4,370       3,909       4,174  

Cost of technology revenues

     440       1,465       2,708       1,962       2,496       4,464       3,020       3,629  

Cost of hardware revenues

     52,267       28,486       22,720       16,850       26,687       25,413       8,558       14,178  
    


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Total costs of revenues

     63,133       36,456       32,264       24,405       34,435       34,247       15,487       21,981  
    


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Gross margin

     (3,704 )     1,871       7,512       10,118       8,197       9,009       11,185       6,539  

Operating Expenses

                                                                

Research and development

     11,206       9,291       8,138       8,999       5,474       5,432       5,789       5,472  

Sales and marketing

     11,529       14,212       6,026       5,600       4,742       5,704       4,502       3,999  

General and administrative

     4,194       4,366       3,794       4,239       4,508       3,949       4,061       3,778  
    


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Loss from operations

     (30,633 )     (25,998 )     (10,446 )     (8,720 )     (6,527 )     (6,076 )     (3,167 )     (6,710 )

Interest income

     458       397       366       327       135       133       116       114  

Interest expense and other

     (3,464 )     (671 )     (668 )     (656 )     (5,672 )     (1,330 )     (1,311 )     (1,274 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Loss before income taxes

     (33,639 )     (26,272 )     (10,748 )     (9,049 )     (12,064 )     (7,273 )     (4,362 )     (7,870 )

Provision for income taxes

     (26 )     (78 )     (12 )     (18 )     (297 )     (115 )     (25 )     (12 )
    


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Net loss

     (33,665 )     (26,350 )     (10,760 )     (9,067 )     (12,361 )     (7,388 )     (4,387 )     (7,882 )

Net loss per share

                                                                

Basic and diluted

   $ (0.42 )   $ (0.33 )   $ (0.13 )   $ (0.11 )   $ (0.18 )   $ (0.11 )   $ (0.07 )   $ (0.12 )

Weighted average shares used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per share

     80,793       80,267       80,197       79,800       69,055       68,226       65,834       64,021  

 

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Index to Financial Statements
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENTS DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report and the section “Factors That May Affect Future Operating Results” at the end of this Item 7, as well as other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this Report, before deciding to purchase, sell or hold our common stock.

 

Overview

 

We are a leading provider of technology and services for digital video recorders, or DVRs, a rapidly growing consumer electronics category. Our subscription-based TiVo service improves home entertainment by providing consumers with an easy way to record, watch, and control television. The TiVo service also offers the television industry a platform for advertisers, content delivery, and audience measurement research. Key elements of our strategy revolve around continued investment in technology, research and development, and innovation; extending and protecting our intellectual property and continuing to promote and leverage the TiVo brand; as well as working to improve profitability, market share, and financial strength. Our financial strength and ability to adapt to the current market and economic conditions are dependent in part on our generation of cash flow, effective management of working capital, funding commitments, and other obligations as well as the growth of our business.

 

Executive Overview and Outlook

 

During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, we continued to show strong growth in our overall subscription base and subscription revenues. During this period, we experienced increased subscription growth from the retail distribution channel, with the mix of our net new TiVo service subscriptions shifting towards DIRECTV with TiVo subscriptions. Additionally, we launched a one-year program to increase our subscription acquisition activities with a focus on growing TiVo-Owned subscriptions. TiVo-Owned subscription additions in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year 2005 were 251,000, which were nearly double the subscription additions from the quarter ended January 31, 2004. For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2006 we plan to lower our total subscription acquisition costs while achieving growth in our subscription base. We expect to see progressive improvements in profitability and cash flow from operating activities throughout the fiscal year. On March 15, 2005, we announced a new development, distribution, and licensing agreement with Comcast.

 

The following table sets forth selected information as of our fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003:

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands)  

Service and technology revenues

   $ 115,476     $ 77,357     $ 60,170  

Net revenues

   $ 172,055     $ 141,080     $ 96,010  

Cost of revenues

     (156,258 )     (106,150 )     (69,799 )

Operating expenses

     (91,594 )     (57,410 )     (83,296 )
    


 


 


Loss from operations

   $ (75,797 )   $ (22,480 )   $ (57,085 )
    


 


 


Cash flows from operating activities

   $ (37,214 )   $ (7,659 )   $ (33,170 )
    


 


 


 

Service and Technology Revenues. Our service and technology revenues increased $38.1 million or 49% during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 compared to the prior fiscal year. This increase was primarily due to the growth in our subscription base of 1.7 million subscriptions during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005.

 

Net Revenues. Our net revenues increased by $31.0 million or 22% during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 compared to the prior fiscal year. We added 2.6 million net new TiVo-Owned and DIRECTV subscriptions in the last three years. Our increased investment in subscription acquisition activities, such as consumer rebates, during the fiscal year offset the overall growth in our service, technology, and hardware revenues that resulted from the increased volume of subscriptions added during the year.

 

Cost of Revenues. Our total costs of revenues, which includes cost of service revenues, cost of technology revenues, and cost of hardware revenues, increased by $50.1 million or 47% during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005. The cost of service and technology revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased by $4.6 million, or 15%, compared to the prior fiscal year. The cost of hardware revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased by $45.5 million, or 61%, compared to the prior fiscal year.

 

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Index to Financial Statements

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses, including our research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses, increased $34.2 million or 60% during the year ended January 31, 2005 compared to the prior fiscal year. The increase in operating expenses for fiscal year 2005 was primarily attributable to increases in our investments in research and development and subscription acquisition activities.

 

Cash Flows from Operating Activities. Our cash flows from operating activities decreased by $29.6 million or by nearly four times as much as compared to the same prior-year period.

 

Key Business Metrics

 

Management periodically reviews certain key business metrics discussed below in order to evaluate our operational strategies, allocate resources, and maximize the financial performance of our business. Management believes it is useful to monitor these metrics together and not individually as it does not make business decisions based upon any single metric.

 

Subscriptions. Management reviews this metric, and believes it might be useful to investors, in order to evaluate TiVo’s relative position in the marketplace and to forecast future potential service revenues. Below is a table that details the growth in our subscription base during the past eight quarters. The TiVo-Owned lines refer to subscriptions sold directly by TiVo to customers who have TiVo-enabled DVRs and products, including those manufactured currently by TiVo, Humax, Pioneer, and Toshiba. The DIRECTV lines refer to subscriptions sold by DIRECTV to customers who have integrated DIRECTV satellite receivers with TiVo service. DIRECTV reports a cumulative subscription number to us on a monthly basis. Additionally, we provide a breakdown of the percent of TiVo-Owned subscriptions for which consumers pay a recurring fee, as opposed to a one-time product lifetime fee. We offer our customers the opportunity to purchase service for the lifetime of an individual TiVo-enabled DVR. We recognize revenue from product lifetime subscriptions over four years.

 

     Three Months Ended

 

(Subscriptions in thousands)


   Jan 31,
2005


    Oct 31,
2004


    Jul 31,
2004


    Apr 30,
2004


    Jan 31,
2004


    Oct 31,
2003


    Jul 31,
2003


    Apr 30,
2003


 

Subscription Net Additions:

                                                

TiVo-Owned

   251     103     63     68     130     59     34     37  

DIRECTV

   447     316     225     196     200     150     56     42  
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total Subscription Net Additions

   698     419     288     264     330     209     90     79  

Cumulative Subscriptions:

                                                

TiVo-Owned

   1,141     890     787     724     656     526     467     433  

DIRECTV

   1,860     1,413     1,097     872     676     476     326     270  
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total Cumulative Subscriptions

   3,001     2,303     1,884     1,596     1,332     1,002     793     703  

% of TiVo-Owned Cumulative Subscriptions paying recurring fees

   50 %   46 %   43 %   42 %   40 %   36 %   34 %   34 %
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We define a “subscription” as a contract referencing a TiVo-enabled DVR for which (i) a customer has paid for the TiVo service and (ii) service is not canceled. We offer a product lifetime subscription, under which consumers can purchase a subscription that is valid for the lifetime of a particular DVR. We count these as subscriptions until both of the following conditions are met: (i) we reach the end of the four-year period we use to recognize lifetime subscription revenues, and (ii) the related DVR has not made contact to the TiVo service within the prior six-month period. We are not aware of any uniform standards for defining subscriptions and caution that our presentation may not be consistent with that of other companies.

 

As of January 31, 2005, we had 65,000 product lifetime subscriptions, or approximately 2.2% of our total installed subscription base, that had exceeded the four-year period we use to recognize product lifetime subscription revenues. This represents an increase of 0.5% from the prior quarter. We continue to incur costs of services for these subscriptions without corresponding revenue.

 

We have also offered to some of our consumer electronics partners, on a limited basis, a reduced functionality version of the TiVo service called TiVo Basic that does not involve a fee to consumers. DVRs with the TiVo Basic service that have not upgraded to the TiVo service are not included in our subscription totals.

 

TiVo-Owned Churn Rate. Management reviews this metric, and believes it might be useful to investors, in order to evaluate our ability to retain existing subscribers by providing compelling services that are competitive in the market. Management believes factors such as service enhancements, higher customer satisfaction, and improved customer support, may lower this metric. Conversely, management believes factors such as increased competition, increased price sensitivity, and the impact of our product lifetime subscription offering, may cause our TiVo-Owned churn rate to increase.

 

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Index to Financial Statements

We define the TiVo-Owned Churn Rate as the average TiVo-Owned subscription (including both monthly and product lifetime subscriptions) cancellations per month in the period divided by the average of TiVo-Owned subscriptions for the period. We calculate average subscriptions by adding the average subscriptions for each month and dividing by the number of months in the period. We calculate average subscriptions for each month by adding the beginning and ending subscriptions for the month and dividing by two. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating churn and caution that our presentation may not be consistent with that of other companies.

 

The following table presents our TiVo-Owned Churn Rate information:

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands)  

TiVo-Owned subscription cancellations (for the year)

   (69 )   (22 )   (14 )

Average TiVo-Owned subscriptions (for the year)

   819     486     299  

Annual churn rate

   -8.5 %   -4.6 %   -4.7 %

Number of months

   12     12     12  

TiVo-Owned Churn Rate per month

   -0.7 %   -0.4 %   -0.4 %

 

The TiVo-Owned Churn Rate per month was 0.7% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, compared to 0.4% per month in the same prior-year period. We believe most of the increase was due to the timing of our product lifetime subscriptions. We count as churn those product lifetime subscriptions that have both reached the end of the four-year revenue recognition period and whose DVRs have not contacted the TiVo service within the prior six-months. Since volume growth of the TiVo service began in late 1999 and early 2000, we are now experiencing the initial effects of churn from these product lifetime subscriptions. The TiVo-Owned Churn Rate per month of 0.7%, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, is comprised of 0.2% attributable to these product lifetime subscriptions and 0.5% from cancellations of recurring subscriptions. Conversely, we do not count as churn product lifetime subscriptions that have not reached the end of the four-year revenue recognition period, regardless of whether such subscriptions continue to contact the TiVo service. We anticipate our TiVo-Owned Churn Rate will increase in future periods as a result of increased churn from these product lifetime subscriptions and increased competition in the marketplace.

 

Subscription Acquisition Cost (“SAC”) . Management reviews this metric, and believes it might be useful to investors, in order to evaluate trends in the efficiency of our marketing programs and subscription acquisition strategies. We define SAC as our total acquisition costs divided by TiVo-Owned subscription gross additions. We define total acquisition costs as the sum of sales and marketing expenses, rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel, minus hardware gross margin (defined as hardware revenues less cost of hardware revenues). We do not include DIRECTV subscription gross additions in our calculation of SAC because we incur limited or no acquisition costs for new DIRECTV subscriptions. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating total acquisition costs or SAC and caution that our presentation may not be consistent with that of other companies.

 

     12 Months Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except SAC)  

Sales and marketing expenses

   $ 37,367     $ 18,947     $ 48,117  

Rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel

     54,696       9,159       9,780  

Hardware revenues

     (111,275 )     (72,882 )     (45,620 )

Cost of hardware revenues

     120,323       74,836       44,647  
    


 


 


Total Acquisition Costs

     101,111       30,060       56,924  
    


 


 


TiVo-Owned Subscription Gross Additions

     555       282       164  

Subscription Acquisition Cost (SAC)

   $ 182     $ 106     $ 347  
    


 


 


 

During the twelve months ended January 31, 2005, our total acquisition costs were $101.1 million, and SAC was $182. Comparatively, total acquisition costs for the twelve months ended January 31, 2004 and 2003 were $30.1 million and $56.9 million, respectively and SAC was $106 and $347, respectively. SAC increased by $76 or 72% for the twelve months ended January 31, 2005 compared to the prior-year period due primarily to increased rebate expense and payments to retailers. As a result of the seasonal nature of our subscription growth, our SAC varies significantly during the year. Management primarily reviews this metric on an annual basis due to the timing difference between our recognition of promotional program expense and the subsequent addition of the related subscription acquisition. For example, historically we have incurred increased sales and marketing expense during our third quarter in anticipation of new subscriptions that may be added during the fourth quarter and in subsequent periods in addition to those added during the third quarter.

 

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Average Revenue Per Subscription (“ARPU”). Management reviews this metric, and believes it might be useful to investors, in order to evaluate the potential of our subscription base to generate revenues from a variety of sources, including subscription fees, advertising, and audience measurement research. ARPU does not include rebates, revenue share and other payments to channel that reduce our GAAP revenues, and as a result you should not use ARPU as a substitute for measures of financial performance calculated in accordance with GAAP. Management believes it is useful to consider this metric excluding the costs associated with rebates, revenue share and other payments to channel because of the discretionary nature of these expenses and because management believes these expenses are more appropriately monitored as part of SAC. We are not aware of any uniform standards for calculating ARPU and caution that our presentation may not be consistent with that of other companies.

 

We calculate ARPU per month for TiVo-Owned subscriptions by subtracting DIRECTV-related service revenues (which includes DIRECTV subscription service revenues and DIRECTV-related advertising revenues) from our total reported service revenues and dividing by the number of months in the period. We then divide by average TiVo-Owned subscriptions for the period, calculated as described above for churn rate. The following table shows this calculation and reconciles ARPU for TiVo-Owned subscriptions to our reported service and technology revenues:

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands)  

Service and technology revenues

   $ 115,476     $ 77,357     $ 60,170  

Less: Technology revenues

     (8,310 )     (15,797 )     (20,909 )
    


 


 


Total Service revenues

     107,166       61,560       39,261  

Less: DIRECTV-related service revenues

     (21,071 )     (11,624 )     (12,557 )
    


 


 


TiVo–Owned-related service revenues

     86,095       49,936       26,704  

Average TiVo–Owned revenues per month

     7,175       4,161       2,225  

Average TiVo–Owned per month subscriptions

     819       486       299  

TiVo–Owned ARPU per month

   $ 8.76     $ 8.57     $ 7.45  
    


 


 


 

TiVo-Owned ARPU per month for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased from fiscal years 2004 and 2003, to $8.76 from $8.57 from $7.45, respectively. The increase was largely a result of the shift in the mix of TiVo-Owned subscriptions from lifetime subscriptions to monthly subscriptions.

 

We calculate ARPU per month for DIRECTV subscriptions by first subtracting TiVo-Owned-related service revenues (which includes TiVo-Owned subscription service revenues and TiVo-Owned related advertising revenues) from our total reported service revenues. Then we divide average revenues per month for DIRECTV-related service revenues by average subscriptions for the period. The following table shows this calculation and reconciles ARPU for DIRECTV subscriptions to service and technology revenues:

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands)  

Service and technology revenues

   $ 115,476     $ 77,357     $ 60,170  

Less: Technology revenues

     (8,310 )     (15,797 )     (20,909 )
    


 


 


Total Service revenues

     107,166       61,560       39,261  

Less: TiVo—Owned-related service revenues

     (86,095 )     (49,936 )     (26,704 )
    


 


 


DIRECTV-related service revenues

     21,071       11,624       12,557  

Average DIRECTV revenues per month

     1,756       969       1,046  

Average DIRECTV subscriptions

     1,154       377       173  

DIRECTV ARPU per month

   $ 1.52     $ 2.57     $ 6.06  
    


 


 


 

ARPU per month for DIRECTV subscriptions for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 decreased from prior fiscal years to $1.52 from $2.57 and $6.06, respectively. We expect ARPU per month for DIRECTV subscriptions to decline further as new DIRECTV subscriptions generally involve limited or no acquisition costs, lower recurring expenses, and lower subscription revenue.

 

Critical Accounting Estimates

 

Critical accounting estimates are those that reflect significant judgments and uncertainties, and may potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We base our discussion and analysis on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles as described in Item 8. Note 1. “ Nature of Operations” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses and related

 

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disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of this analysis form the basis for our judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may materially differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. For a detailed discussion on the application of these and other accounting estimates, see Item 8. Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the notes to our consolidated financial statements.

 

Recognition Period for Lifetime Subscriptions Revenues. TiVo offers a product lifetime subscription option for the life of the DVR for a one-time, upfront payment. We recognize subscription revenues from lifetime subscriptions ratably over a four-year period, based on our estimate of the useful life of these DVRs. As of January 31, 2005, we had 65,000 product lifetime subscriptions, or 2.2% of our total installed subscription base, that had exceeded the four-year period we use to recognize product lifetime subscription revenues. If the useful life of the recorder were shorter or longer than four-years, we would recognize revenues earlier or later. Our product is still relatively new, and as we gather more user information, we might revise this estimated life.

 

Engineering Professional Services Project Cost Estimates. For engineering professional services that are essential to the functionality of the software or involve significant customization or modification, we recognize revenues using the percentage-of-completion method, as described in Statement of Position (SOP) 81-1 “Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts.” We recognize revenue by measuring progress toward completion based on the ratio of costs incurred to total estimated costs of the project, an input method. In general, these contracts are long-term and complex. We believe we are able to make reasonably dependable estimates based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates include forecasting of costs and schedules, estimating contract revenue related to contract performance, projecting cost to complete, tracking progress of costs incurred to date, and projecting the remaining effort to complete the project. Costs included in engineering professional services are labor, materials, and overhead related to the specific activities that are required for the project. Costs related to general infrastructure or platform development are not included in the engineering professional services project cost estimates. These estimates are assessed continually during the term of the contract and revisions are reflected when the conditions become known. In some cases, we have accepted engineering professional services contracts that were expected to be losses at the time of acceptance in order to gain experience in developing a new technology that could be used in future products and services. Provisions for all losses on contracts are recorded when estimates determine that a loss will be incurred on a contract. Using different cost estimates, or different methods of measuring progress to completion, engineering professional services revenues and expenses may produce materially different results. A favorable change in estimates in a period could result in additional revenue and profit, and an unfavorable change in estimates could result in a reduction of revenue and profit or the recording of a loss that would be borne solely by TiVo.

 

Consumer Rebate Redemption Rates. In accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) 01-09, “Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer (Including a Reseller of the Vendors Products),” we record an estimated potential liability for our consumer rebate program that is based on the percentage of customers that were reimbursed for the rebate for similar past programs and adjust estimates to consider actual redemptions. The most recent programs have ranged from 57% to 71% averaging 62%. As of January 31, 2005, we recorded an accrual of $16.4 million for rebates. Based on our results for fiscal year 2005, a one-percentage point deviation in our redemption rebate estimate would have resulted in an increase or decrease in expense of $529,000. Upon completion of consumer rebate programs, any unredeemed consumer rebate expense will be reversed. The consumer rebates are recognized as “rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel” in our consolidated financial statements.

 

Valuation of Inventory. We maintain a finished goods inventory of TiVo-enabled DVRs throughout the year. We value inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined on the first-in, first-out method. We base write-downs to inventories on changes in selling price of a completed unit. Estimates are based upon current facts and circumstances and are determined in aggregate and evaluated on total pool basis. We continually monitor inventory valuation and purchase commitments for potential losses in net realizable value.

 

Estimates Used in Complex Agreements. We have a number of complex transactions and commitments. Many of these transactions involve multiple elements and types of consideration, including cash, debt, equity, and services. For example, our relationship with DIRECTV has historically included subscription revenue share expense, engineering professional services revenue, common stock and warrants issued for services, and various platform subsidies. Many of our arrangements require us to make estimations for the valuation of non-cash expenses, such as warrants issued for services, which must be assigned a value using financial models that require us to estimate certain parameters. We have utilized our best estimate of the value of the various elements in accounting for these transactions. Had alternative assumptions been used, the values obtained may have been materially different.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

In June 2004, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) ratified Emerging Issues Task Force Issue No. 03-1 (EITF 03-1), The Meaning of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment and Its Application to Certain Investments. EITF 03-1 includes new guidance

 

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for evaluating and recording impairment losses on debt and equity investments, as well as new disclosure requirements for investments that are deemed to be temporarily impaired. Adoption of the recognition and measurement guidance of EITF 03-1 has been temporarily deferred by the FASB, but the disclosure requirements of EITF 03-1 are effective for our fiscal 2005 annual consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, additional disclosures as required by EITF 03-1 are included in Note 3 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

In November 2004, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 151, Inventory Costs-an Amendment of ARB No. 43, Chapter 4 (FAS 151). FAS 151 amends ARB 43, Chapter 4, to clarify that abnormal amounts of idle facility expense, freight, handling costs, and wasted materials (spoilage) should be recognized as current-period charges. In addition, this Statement requires that allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion be based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. The provisions of this Statement are effective for inventory costs incurred during fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2005. The adoption of the provisions of FAS 151 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

 

On December 16, 2004, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 123 (revised 2004), Share-Based Payment, which is a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, Accounting for Stock Based Compensation. Statement 123(R) supersedes APB Opinion No. 25, Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees, and amends FASB Statement No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows. Generally, the approach in Statement 123(R) is similar to the approach described in Statement 123. However, Statement 123(R) requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement based upon their fair values. Pro forma disclosure is no longer an alternative. Early adoption will be permitted in periods in which financial statements have not yet been issued. Statement 123(R) must be adopted in the first interim period beginning after June 15, 2005. We expect to adopt the standard by August 1, 2005, the beginning of our third quarter.

 

Statement 123(R) permits public companies to adopt its requirements using one of two methods:

 

  1. A “modified prospective” method in which compensation cost is recognized beginning with the effective date (a) based on the requirements of Statement 123(R) for all share-based payments granted after the effective date; and (b) based on the requirements of Statement 123 for all awards granted to employees prior to the effective date of Statement 123(R) that remain unvested on the effective date.

 

  2. A “modified retrospective” method which includes the requirements of the modified prospective method described above, but also permits entities to restate based on the amounts previously recognized under Statement 123 for purposes of pro forma disclosures either (a) all prior periods presented; or (b) prior interim periods of the year of adoption.

 

We are currently evaluating which of the two methods we will adopt.

 

As permitted by Statement 123, we currently account for share-based payments to employees using the intrinsic value method and, as such, generally recognize no compensation cost for employee stock options. Accordingly, the adoption of Statement 123(R)’s fair value method will have a significant impact on our results of operations, although it will have no impact on our overall financial position based on our current share based awards to employees. The impact of adoption of Statement 123(R) cannot be predicted at this time because it will depend on levels of share-based payments granted in the future, the valuation model used to value the options and other variables. However, had we adopted Statement 123(R) in prior periods, the impact of that standard would have approximated the impact of Statement 123 as described in the Stock Compensation disclosure included in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.

 

Results of Operations

 

Net Revenues. Our net revenues for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003 as a percentage of total net revenues were as follows:

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 

Revenues


   2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Service revenues

   $ 107,166     62 %   $ 61,560     44 %   $ 39,261     41 %

Technology revenues

     8,310     5 %     15,797     11 %     20,909     22 %

Hardware revenues

     111,275     65 %     72,882     52 %     45,620     47 %

Rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel

     (54,696 )   (32 )%     (9,159 )   (6 )%     (9,780 )   (10 )%
    


       


       


     

Net revenues

   $ 172,055           $ 141,080           $ 96,010        
    


       


       


     

Change from prior fiscal year

     22 %           47 %           445 %      

 

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Of the total service revenues and technology revenues for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003, $6.8 million, $19.7 million and $22.1 million, respectively, were generated from related parties.

 

    Service Revenues. Service revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased 74% or $45.6 million over the service revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004. This increase was primarily due to the growth in our subscription base. Service revenues for the year ended January 31, 2004 were $61.6 million, 57% higher than service revenues for the year ended January 31, 2003. During the year ended January 31, 2005, we activated 1.7 million new subscriptions to the TiVo service bringing the total installed subscription base to above 3.0 million as of January 31, 2005, nearly five times greater than the installed base as of January 31, 2003. Consumer demand for TiVo-enabled DVR and DVD products was driven by broad availability and strong support in the retail channel, consumer rebate programs, and increased consumer awareness of TiVo. We intend to generate continued TiVo-Owned subscription growth by managing our relationships with leading retailers like Best Buy, Circuit City, Target, and others. We anticipate fiscal year 2006 will have continued service revenue growth as our subscription base grows. Revenues from advertising and research services included in service revenues, while not material during these periods, have increased.

 

    Technology Revenues. In the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, we derived 5% of our net revenues, or $8.3 million, from licensing and engineering professional services. Technology revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 were 47% lower than the same period last year due to our decision to pursue fewer licensing agreements in the fiscal year 2005. Additionally, in the quarter ended October 31, 2004 we reduced our technology revenues by approximately $766,000 after we determined it was unlikely we would receive estimated revenues from one customer. One related party customer generated $2.0 million, $5.8 million and $5.3 million of technology revenues or 1%, 4%, and 6% of net revenues for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003 respectively. A different customer generated $4.6 million and $2.3 million of technology revenues, or 3% and 2% of net revenues for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005 and 2004, respectively. During fiscal year 2004, we recognized $2.9 million of licensing and engineering professional services revenue with little corresponding costs from two customers due to the one-time recognition of revenues for two projects for which we have no further obligations.

 

    Hardware Revenues. Hardware revenues, net of allowance for sales returns, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 were 65% of our net revenues. For the fiscal years ended January 31, 2005, 2004, and 2003, one retail customer generated $49.5 million, $28.3 million, and $22.7 million of hardware revenues, or 29%, 20%, and 24% of net revenues, respectively. Although volume of units sold increased for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 by 200% from the year ago period, hardware revenue from these units was lower per unit as we decreased our sales price per unit by nearly 22% to both our retail customers and consumers.

 

    Rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel. We recognize certain marketing-related payments as a reduction of revenues on our statements of operations. Rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel increased for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 as compared to the respective prior fiscal year due to higher rebates, revenue share, and market development funds paid to retailers. The primary contributor to the increase in rebates, revenue share, and other payments to channel was consumer rebate expenses. Consumer rebate expenses were $37.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, for fiscal years ended January 31, 2005 and 2004. Fiscal year 2004 expenses reflected the reversal of the rebate accrual for rebate programs that ended on April 30, 2003. Other significant contributors to the increase were revenue share and market development funds paid to retailers. These marketing-related payments increased by $5.2 million and $4.3 million, respectively, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, as compared to the same prior-year period. We expect our fiscal year 2006 payments to be lower as a result of decreased investment in subscription acquisition activities.

 

Cost of service and technology revenues.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Cost of service revenues

   $ 29,360     $ 17,705     $ 17,119  

Cost of technology revenues

     6,575       13,609       8,033  
    


 


 


Cost of service and technology revenues

   $ 35,935     $ 31,314     $ 25,152  
    


 


 


Change from prior fiscal year

     15 %     24 %     26 %

Percentage of service and technology revenues

     31 %     40 %     42 %

 

Costs of service and technology revenues consist primarily of telecommunication and network expenses, employee salaries, call center, and other expenses related to providing the TiVo service. Additional expenses included are expenses related to providing engineering professional services to our customers, including employee salaries and related costs, as well as prototyping and other material costs. Cost of service revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased 66% or by $11.7 million as compared to the prior fiscal year. Total customer care center expenses increased by 130% or by $5.5 million compared to the same prior-year

 

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period due to an increased level of staffing as a result of TiVo’s increased focus on issues of customer care and retention. We expect to continue to increase customer care center expenses for fiscal year 2006 as we strive to continue to improve customer retention. Additionally, technology license fees increased by 269% or by $1.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005. Also, telecommunication and network expenses related to providing the TiVo service increased by 51% or by $1.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005. Cost of service revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 increased modestly compared to the prior fiscal year.

 

Cost of technology revenues decreased by 52% for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 as compared to the prior-year period. This decrease was largely due to fewer contracts requiring deployment of engineers from research and development activities. Additionally contributing to the decrease were lower provisions for losses on contracts related to providing engineering professional services to customers under agreements for which expenses exceeded the budgeted revenues. As a result of the decline in technology revenues and an adjustment to one contract’s cost estimate, technology revenues gross margin was $1.7 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 as compared to $2.2 million for the prior fiscal year. Cost of technology revenues increased by 69% or $5.6 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 as compared to the prior fiscal year. This increase was due to increased expenses related to providing engineering professional services to two customers under agreements for which expenses exceeded the budgeted revenues.

 

Cost of hardware revenues.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Cost of hardware revenues

   $ 120,323     $ 74,836     $ 44,647  

Change from prior fiscal year

     61 %     68 %     NM  

Percentage of hardware revenues

     108 %     103 %     98 %

Hardware gross margin

     (9,048 )     (1,954 )     973  

Hardware gross margin as a percentage of hardware revenues

     (8 )%     (3 )%     2 %

 

Costs of hardware revenues include all product costs associated with the TiVo-enabled DVRs we distribute and sell, including manufacturing-related overhead and personnel, warranty, certain licensing, order fulfillment, and freight costs. We engage a contract manufacturer to build TiVo-enabled DVRs. We have engaged in the manufacturing and the sale of hardware as a means to grow our service revenues and, as a result, do not intend to generate significant gross margins from these hardware sales. The increase in sales volume was the primary reason for the increase in the cost of hardware revenues. Cost of hardware revenues for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 and 2004 increased 61% and 68%, respectively, as compared to the prior fiscal year primarily as a result of the increased overall sales volume of DVRs sold to retailers during this period as compared to the prior-year period. We believe the volume has increased because of our significant investment during this fiscal year in our subscription acquisition activities. Our hardware gross margin has continued to decline due to price reductions introduced in fiscal year 2005 and the shift in the mix of products to lower average selling price products. We expect that the cost of hardware revenues will change as sales volumes change.

 

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Research and development expenses.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Research and development expenses

   $ 37,634     $ 22,167     $ 20,714  

Change from prior fiscal year

     70 %     7 %     (24 )%

Percentage of net revenues

     22 %     16 %     22 %

 

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of employee salaries, related expenses, and consulting fees. Research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased 70% over the prior fiscal year period primarily due to increased salary expenses of $5.8 million. The increase is related to an increase in engineering headcount by 21 employees from the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 and because fewer engineers were redeployed from research and development activities to engineering professional services activities. Research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 increased over the prior fiscal year primarily due to increased salary expenses related to an increase in engineering headcount of 49 employees.

 

Sales and marketing expenses.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Sales and marketing expenses

   $ 37,367     $ 18,947     $ 48,117  

Change from prior fiscal year

     97 %     (61 )%     (54 )%

Percentage of net revenues

     22 %     13 %     50 %

 

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee salaries and related expenses, media advertising, public relations activities, special promotions, trade shows, and the production of product related items, including collateral and videos. Sales and marketing expenses also include expenses that consist of cash and non-cash charges related primarily to agreements with related parties. Our sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2005 were significantly higher than for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 due to our increased investment in subscription acquisition activities. The largest contributor to this increased investment in sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005, in terms of absolute dollars, was our advertising expense, including print and radio advertising, which increased by $15.6 million. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 total advertising expense was $369,000. Another contributor to the fiscal year 2005 increase was public relations and event expense that increased by 96% or by $1.3 million from the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004.

 

During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004, revenue share expense decreased by 47% or $5.3 million, compared to fiscal year 2003. This decrease was a result of renegotiated contracts with DIRECTV and lower manufacturing volumes by related party consumer electronic manufacturers. Revenue share is calculated as an agreed upon percentage of revenue for a specified group of TiVo subscriptions. During the fiscal year ended January 31, 2003, $11.6 million was non-cash expense related to the remaining unamortized portion of the prepaid marketing expense associated with the June 2000 Investment Agreement with AOL which was terminated by the Funds Release Agreement in April 2002. The remainder of these prepaid marketing expenses was fully amortized on a straight-line basis during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004. Another contributor to the reduction of sales and marketing expenses for the fiscal year 2004 was non-related party subsidy expense that decreased $3.8 million from the prior fiscal year. This marketing commitment ended prior to the three months ended April 30, 2003. Additionally, for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 as compared to the prior fiscal year, partner co-marketing expenses decreased by $2.1 million due to decreased activity.

 

General and administrative expenses.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

General and administrative expenses

   $ 16,593     $ 16,296     $ 14,465  

Change from prior fiscal year

     2 %     13 %     (23 )%

Percentage of net revenues

     10 %     12 %     15 %

 

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General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee salaries and related expenses for executive, administrative, accounting, information systems, customer operations personnel, facility costs, and professional fees. General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 increased 2% compared to the same prior-year period. The increase was primarily due to salaries and wages that increased 16%, or $1.1 million compared to the same prior-year period primarily due to an increase in accounting and information system headcount of 20 employees. In connection with our ongoing lawsuits, we have expensed $1.3 million for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 for legal expenses in connection with the Sony patent infringement case. We expect to continue to incur legal expenses for all pending lawsuits, including material amounts related to the Sony patent infringement case. We also expect we will begin to incur material expenses for the EchoStar Communications patent infringement case in the future. We expect these increased expenses will likely adversely affect our results of operations, by increasing our operating expenses, adversely impacting our financial position, and diverting additional cash flows to non-revenue generating activities. General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year 2004 increased compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to increased legal expenses of $2.5 million for ongoing and settled lawsuits.

 

Interest income. Interest income resulting from cash and cash equivalents held in interest bearing accounts and short-term investments for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 tripled the amount of the prior fiscal year. The increase was a result of significantly higher levels of cash during the year. Interest income for the fiscal year 2003 was largely a result of the receipt of a one-time payment of $3.9 million in interest earned on the restricted cash from the agreement with AOL was released from the escrow account to us in April 2002.

 

Interest expense and other. Interest expense and other primarily consists of cash and non-cash charges related to interest expense paid for coupon interest expense on the convertible notes and interest expense paid to our consumer electronics manufacturers according to negotiated deferred payment schedules. Interest expense and other for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2005 decreased 43% from the prior fiscal year primarily due to fewer convertible notes payable that were due interest payments.

 

Non-cash interest expense for the same period included $3.2 million attributable to the accelerated accretion of the discount due to conversions or redemptions of the remaining noteholders and $1.6 million attributable to the amortization of the discount pertaining to the value of the beneficial conversion feature of the convertible notes payable, the amortization of the issuance of warrants to noteholders, and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to the conversion of the notes of the convertible notes payable, respectively. Non-cash interest expense for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2004 included $4.5 million attributable to the accelerated accretion of the discount due to the conversion of convertible notes held by NBC and $3.6 million from the amortization of the discount pertaining to the value of the beneficial conversion feature of the convertible notes, the amortization of the issuance of warrants to noteholders, and the amortization of debt issuance costs related to the conversion of other convertible notes. During fiscal year ended January 31, 2003 non-cash interest expense was $24.2 million attributable to the amortization of the discount pertaining to the value of the beneficial conversion feature of the convertible notes, the amortization of the issuance of warrants to noteholders, the value of the additional shares resulting from the temporary incentive conversion price reduction, and the amortization of debt issuance costs for the convertible notes.

 

     Fiscal Year Ended January 31,

 
     2005

    2004

    2003

 
     (In thousands)  

Total cash interest expense

   $ 608     $ 1,443     $ 3,345  

Total non-cash interest expense