10-K 1 d10k.htm FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006. For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2006.
Table of Contents

 

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 


 

FORM 10-K

 

x   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2006

 

OR

 

¨   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

 

001-14223

Commission File Number

 


 

KNIGHT CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

DELAWARE

(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 

22-3689303

(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

 

545 Washington Boulevard, Jersey City, NJ 07310

(Address of principal executive offices and zip code)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (201) 222-9400

 


 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

 

None.

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act    Yes  x    No  ¨

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    Yes  x    No  ¨

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2) Large accelerated filer  x    Accelerated filer  ¨    Non-accelerated filer  ¨

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

 

The aggregate market value of the Class A Common Stock held by nonaffiliates of the Registrant was approximately $1.61 billion at December 31, 2006 based upon the closing price for shares of the Registrant’s Class A Common Stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market on that date. For purposes of this calculation, affiliates are considered to be officers, directors and holders of 10% or more of the outstanding common stock of the Registrant.

 

At February 27, 2007 the number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Class A Common Stock was 105,499,726 and there were no shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Class B Common Stock as of such date.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Company’s 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed hereafter (incorporated, in part, into Part III hereof).

 



Table of Contents

KNIGHT CAPITAL GROUP, INC.

 

FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

 

For the Year Ended December 31, 2006

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

          Page

PART I

     

Item 1.

   Business    4

Item 1A.

   Risk Factors    14

Item 1B.

   Unresolved Staff Comments    21

Item 2.

   Properties    21

Item 3.

   Legal Proceedings    21

Item 4.

   Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders    24

PART II

     

Item 5.

  

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

   25

Item 6.

   Selected Financial Data    26

Item 7.

  

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

   28

Item 7A.

   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk    44

Item 8.

   Financial Statements and Supplementary Data    48

Item 9.

  

Changes in and Disagreements With Auditors on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

   76

Item 9A.

   Controls and Procedures    76

Item 9B.

   Other Information    76

PART III

     

Item 10.

   Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant    76

Item 11.

   Executive Compensation    76

Item 12.

  

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

   76

Item 13.

   Certain Relationships and Related Transactions    76

Item 14.

   Principal Accounting Fees and Services    76

PART IV 

     

Item 15.

   Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules    77

Signatures

   81

Certifications

  

Exhibit Index

  

 

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

 

Certain statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including without limitation, those under “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 (“MD&A”), and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A, and the documents incorporated by reference may constitute forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about the Company’s industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, readers are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict including, without limitation, risks associated with the costs, integration, performance and operation of businesses recently acquired, or that may be acquired in the future, by the Company, and the risks and uncertainties associated with the recent change in management at Deephaven Capital Management LLC (together with its subsidiaries, “Deephaven”) and the potential impact on the Deephaven business and assets under management. Since such statements involve risks and uncertainties, the actual results and performance of the Company may turn out to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Given these uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. Unless otherwise required by law, the Company also disclaims any obligation to update its view of any such risks or uncertainties or to announce publicly the result of any revisions to the forward-looking statements made in this report. Readers should carefully review the risks and uncertainties disclosed in the Company’s reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including those detailed under “Certain Factors Affecting Results of Operations” in MD&A and in “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A herein, and in other reports or documents the Company files from time to time with the SEC. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto contained in this report.

 

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PART I

 

Item 1.    Business

 

Overview

 

Knight Capital Group, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries (collectively “Knight” or the “Company”) is a leading financial services firm that provides voice and electronic access to the capital markets across multiple asset classes for buy-side, sell-side and corporate clients, and asset management for institutions and private clients. Our Global Markets business offers superior execution quality through natural liquidity, capital facilitation and trading technology, with comprehensive products and services that support the capital formation process. Our Asset Management business, Deephaven Capital Management, is a global multi-strategy alternative investment manager focused on delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns with low correlation to the broader markets.

 

Knight Capital Group, Inc. was organized in January 2000 as the successor to the business of Knight/Trimark Group, Inc. (the “Predecessor”). The Predecessor was organized in April 1998 as the successor to the business of Roundtable Partners, LLC, which was formed in March 1995. In May 2000, the Company changed its name from Knight/Trimark Group, Inc. to Knight Trading Group, Inc., and in May 2005 the Company further changed its name to Knight Capital Group, Inc. Our corporate headquarters are located at 545 Washington Boulevard, Jersey City, New Jersey 07310. Our telephone number is (201) 222-9400.

 

Financial information concerning our business segments for each of 2006, 2005 and 2004, respectively, is set forth in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto located in Part II, Item 8 entitled “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

 

Available Information

 

Our Internet address is www.knight.com. We make available free of charge, on or through the “Our Firm”—“Investor Center” section of our corporate web site under “SEC Filings”, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers, and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and our proxy statements as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Also posted on our corporate web site is our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code”) governing our directors, officers and employees. Within the time period required by the SEC, we will post on our corporate web site any amendments and waivers to such Code applicable to our executive officers and directors, as defined in the Code.

 

Our Board of Directors (the “Board”) has standing Finance and Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance committees. Each of these Board committees has a written charter approved by the Board. Our Board has also adopted a set of Corporate Governance Guidelines. Copies of each committee charter, along with the Corporate Governance Guidelines, are posted on the Company’s web site. None of the information on our corporate web site is incorporated by reference into this report.

 

All of the above materials are also available in print, without charge, to any person who requests them by writing or telephoning:

 

Knight Capital Group, Inc.

Corporate Communications and Investor Relations

545 Washington Boulevard

Jersey City, NJ 07310

(201) 222-9400

 

Unless otherwise indicated, references to the “Company,” “Knight,” “We,” or “Our” shall mean Knight Capital Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

 

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Business Segments

 

The Company has two operating business segments, Asset Management and Global Markets, as well as a Corporate segment.

 

   

Asset Management—Our Asset Management business, Deephaven, is a global, multi-strategy alternative investment manager focused on delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns with low correlation to the broader markets for institutions and private clients. Assets under management were $4.2 billion as of December 31, 2006, up from $2.9 billion as of December 31, 2005.

 

   

Global Markets—Our Global Markets business offers superior execution quality through natural liquidity, capital facilitation and trading technology, with comprehensive products and services that support the capital formation process. We make a market or trade in nearly every U.S. equity security and provide trade execution services in a large number of international securities, futures, options, foreign currencies and fixed income instruments.

 

The Company’s Corporate segment includes all corporate overhead expenses and investment income earned on strategic investments and our corporate investment in funds managed by the Asset Management segment. Corporate overhead expenses primarily consist of compensation for certain senior executives and other individuals employed at the corporate holding company, legal and other professional expenses related to corporate matters, directors’ fees, investor and public relations expenses and directors’ and officers’ insurance.

 

In the fourth quarter of 2004, the Company completed the sale of one of its business segments, Derivative Markets, to Citigroup Financial Products Inc. (“Citigroup”). In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the results of this segment have been included within discontinued operations for 2005 and 2004. For a further discussion of the sale of the Company’s Derivative Markets business, see Footnote 9 “Discontinued Operations” included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this document.

 

The following table sets forth: (i) revenues, (ii) expenses, excluding Regulatory charges and related matters and Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual (“Operating Expenses”) and (iii) income (loss) from continuing operations before Regulatory charges and related matters and Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual and income taxes (“Pre-Tax Operating Earnings”) of our segments and on a consolidated basis (in millions):

 

     For the years ended December 31,  
     2006    2005    2004  

Asset Management

        

Revenues

   $ 214.9    $ 89.8    $ 78.2  

Operating Expenses

     140.0      63.2      48.6  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

     74.8      26.5      29.6  
                      

Global Markets

        

Revenues

     669.7      470.7      531.0  

Operating Expenses

     510.9      425.6      461.1  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

     158.8      45.1      69.9  
                      

Corporate

        

Revenues

     66.6      74.2      16.6  

Operating Expenses

     35.3      24.9      33.5  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

     31.4      49.3      (16.9 )
                      

Consolidated

        

Revenues

     951.2      634.6      625.8  

Operating Expenses

     686.2      513.7      543.2  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

   $ 265.0    $ 120.9    $ 82.6  
                      

Totals may not add due to rounding

 

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A reconciliation of the income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes, in accordance with GAAP, (“Pre-Tax GAAP Income”) to Pre-Tax Operating Earnings and of total GAAP expenses to Operating Expenses is included in Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

 

Asset Management Segment

 

Business Segment Overview

 

We operate an Asset Management business through our Deephaven subsidiary. Deephaven is the registered investment manager and sponsor of certain private, unregistered funds commonly referred to as hedge funds (the “Deephaven Funds”). Generally, hedge funds are defined as pools of capital that may invest in any asset class, including derivatives, and may use long and short positions, derivative instruments, and leverage in order to generate returns for investors. A distinguishing feature of hedge funds is their use of long or short positions to seek to offset market risks and isolate arbitrage opportunities. Deephaven is based in Minnetonka, M.N., and also has offices in London and Hong Kong.

 

Below is a summary of our assets under management at December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, and the blended fund returns for each of the years then ended:

 

     2006     2005     2004  

Year-end assets under management (billions)

   $ 4.2     $ 2.9     $ 3.6  

Annual fund return to investors*

     22.8 %     7.2 %     6.5 %

*   Annual fund return represents the blended annual return across all assets under management.

 

We earn fees from managing the Deephaven Funds, which consist of annual management fees, calculated as fixed percentages of assets under management, and incentive fees, which, in general, are calculated as a percentage of the funds’ annual profits, if any. The Deephaven Funds pay the trading and operating expenses associated with the Deephaven Funds.

 

In 2003, the Company entered into long-term employment contracts with certain senior managers of Deephaven. These employment agreements, which became effective on January 1, 2004, had a three-year term which expired on December 31, 2006. The agreements provided for profit sharing bonuses based on the financial performance of Deephaven, which, for 2005 and 2006, represented 50% of pre-tax earnings prior to the profit-sharing bonuses. The employment agreements also included an option for renewal by the Deephaven managers through 2009 under identical financial terms; however, the renewal option was not exercised. Pursuant to the terms of a simultaneously executed option agreement between the Company and these senior Deephaven managers, in the event of a change of control of the Company during the initial three-year employment term, the Deephaven senior managers had the option to obtain a 51% interest in Deephaven in exchange for the termination of their employment contracts and associated profit-sharing bonuses. As the Company did not experience a change of control during the term of these employment contracts, this option expired.

 

In December 2006, the Company entered into new long-term employment agreements with three senior managers of Deephaven (the “Deephaven Managers”), two of whom were parties to the 2003 agreements. The new agreements, which became effective on January 1, 2007, are for three-year terms and include a right of renewal by the Deephaven Managers through 2012 under certain circumstances. The new employment agreements provide profit-sharing bonuses based on the financial performance of Deephaven. According to the terms of the contracts, the Deephaven Managers will receive 50% of the first $60 million, and 75% thereafter, of pre-tax earnings prior to the profit-sharing bonuses. The Deephaven Managers also received one million shares of Knight restricted common stock, which vest ratably over three years.

 

Effective January 1, 2007, the Deephaven Managers were also granted an option (the “Option”), exercisable after January 1, 2008 and until December 31, 2012, and conditioned on meeting certain requirements, to obtain a 49% interest in Deephaven (or a new limited liability company to which the Company’s interests in Deephaven

 

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would be contributed) in exchange for the termination of their new employment agreements and associated profit-sharing bonuses. The agreement also provides that in the event of a change of control of the Company following January 1, 2007 and prior to December 31, 2012, the Deephaven Managers would have the option (the “Change of Control Option”), in exchange for the termination of their new employment contracts and associated profit-sharing bonuses, to obtain a 51% interest in Deephaven or, if the Option has already been exercised, to increase their 49% interest resulting from the exercise of the Option by an additional 2%. Following any exercise of the Option or Change of Control Option by the Deephaven Managers, pre-tax earnings prior to profit sharing will be allocated between Knight and the Deephaven Managers in the same manner as under the new employment agreements. During the life of the Option, the agreements provide that the Company may not sell Deephaven without the approval of the Deephaven Managers.

 

Clients and Products

 

Investors in the Deephaven Funds include banks, insurance companies, funds-of-hedge funds, corporate and public pension plan sponsors, trusts, endowments and private clients among others. We differentiate ourselves based on our reputation, client relationships, experience of the management team, investment strategies, risk profile and historical fund returns. Included within Deephaven’s $4.2 billion of assets under management as of December 31, 2006 is a corporate investment of approximately $188 million held by the Company and approximately $38 million of investments held by employee deferred compensation plans and certain officers, directors and employees of the Company. As of December 31, 2006, no investor accounted for more than 10% of the Deephaven Funds’ assets under management.

 

As of December 31, 2006, approximately 38% of the Deephaven Funds’ assets under management were in the Deephaven Market Neutral Funds (“Market Neutral Fund”). The investment philosophy for the Market Neutral Fund is to seek to produce returns for its investors using various investment strategies focusing on delivering attractive risk-adjusted rates of return. The performance of the Market Neutral Fund is intended to be substantially non-correlated with the general debt and equity markets, as well as with a number of other non-traditional investment strategies. Its returns are primarily dependent upon equity trading volumes, equity volatility, mergers and acquisitions and secondary offering activity in the capital markets, and credit spread relationships, among other factors. Within the Market Neutral Fund, Deephaven generally employs a variety of investment strategies, including event-driven, volatility-driven, fundamental equity, credit-driven and global macro strategies, among others. There is no material limitation on the types of investment strategies that may be employed by the Market Neutral Fund.

 

In the second quarter of 2004, Deephaven launched a new single-strategy fund, the Deephaven Event Fund (“Event Fund”). The investment strategy of the Event Fund is event arbitrage, which involves investing in securities of issuers subject to event-driven situations, such as, mergers, acquisitions, corporate restructurings, spin-offs, or trade opportunities from market imbalances created by these types of transactions. The arbitrage aspects of the Event Fund’s strategy involve an assessment of the likelihood that the transaction will be consummated and the resulting determination of how large an exposure to acquire, as well as how and when to hedge such exposure. As of December 31, 2006, the Event Fund held approximately $2.1 billion in assets under management, or approximately 50% of the Deephaven Funds’ assets under management. The employment contract of the portfolio manager of the Event Fund and event-driven strategies expired on December 31, 2006. Deephaven hired a new portfolio manager for the Event Fund and event-driven strategies effective January 1, 2007.

 

Deephaven also manages other single-strategy funds as well as several separately managed accounts for institutional investors. As of December 31, 2006, these single-strategy funds and all separately managed accounts had, in aggregate, approximately $542 million of assets under management, comprising approximately 13% of the Deephaven Funds’ assets under management.

 

In order to offer additional product choices for its investor base, Deephaven may, in the future, look to increase the number of single-strategy funds it manages. Deephaven is continuing to increase the allocation of its assets under management invested in Europe and Asia.

 

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Asset Management Competition

 

Deephaven competes primarily with other asset management companies that manage and sponsor multi-strategy, event-driven, credit-driven, long short equity and volatility-driven portfolios. As Deephaven launches new single strategy funds, it will compete with other asset management companies with similar investment strategies. Competition is primarily based on reputation, client relationships, the experience of the management team, investment strategies, risk profile, fee structures and historical fund returns. We believe that Deephaven’s status as a voluntary registered investment adviser also differentiates our product offering and may enable Deephaven to attract additional assets under management from investors who previously would not invest in hedge funds managed by non-registered investment advisers.

 

There has been an on-going trend among fund management companies and institutions to allocate more of their assets to hedge fund investments. This has influenced the growth of the hedge fund industry, as shown in the table below. The continued growth of the hedge fund industry may provide for greater competition in the future.

 

     Estimated number of
hedge funds
   Estimated total assets under
management (millions)

1990

   610    $ 38,910

1995

   2,383      185,750

2000

   3,873      490,580

2005

   8,661      1,105,385

2006

   9,462      1,426,710

Source: Hedge Fund Research, Inc. 2006 Industry Report

 

Asset Management Infrastructure

 

In managing the Deephaven Funds, Asset Management uses both an in-house developed proprietary order management system and a third-party portfolio management system. Deephaven has business continuity capabilities in place in the event it is unable to access or operate in its current locations.

 

Global Markets Segment

 

Business Segment Overview

 

We offer superior execution quality through natural liquidity, capital facilitation and trading technology, with comprehensive products and services that support the capital formation process. We make a market or trade in nearly every U.S. equity security and provide trade execution services in a large number of international securities, futures, options, foreign currencies and fixed income instruments. Our business model focuses on providing comprehensive trade execution services as well as superior client service. To do so, the model requires that we manage risk effectively as well as maintain efficient and reliable trading technology. Substantially all of our Global Markets revenues and profitability come from our operations in the U.S.

 

The majority of our Global Markets revenue comes from making markets and providing trade execution services in U.S. equities. Generally, market-makers display the prices at which they are willing to bid, meaning buy, or offer, meaning sell, securities and adjust their bid and offer prices in response to the forces of supply and demand for each security. As a market-maker operating in Nasdaq, the Nasdaq Intermarket, the over-the-counter (“OTC”) market for New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and American Stock Exchange (“AMEX”) listed securities, and the OTC Bulletin Board, we provide trade executions by offering to buy securities from, or sell securities to, institutions and broker-dealers. When acting as principal, we commit our own capital and derive revenues from the difference between the price paid when securities are bought and the price received when those securities are sold. We also provide trade executions on an agency or riskless principal basis, generating commissions or commission equivalents, respectively. We execute the majority of our equity transactions as principal.

 

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Our domestic Global Markets activities are primarily transacted out of six subsidiaries, Knight Equity Markets, L.P. (“KEM”), Knight Capital Markets LLC (“KCM”), Direct Trading Institutional, L.P. (“Direct Trading”), Direct Edge ECN LLC (“Direct Edge”), Hotspot FX, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Hotspot”) and ValuBond Securities, Inc. (“ValuBond”). KEM, KCM, Direct Trading, Direct Edge and ValuBond are all broker-dealers registered with the SEC and are members of the National Association of Securities Dealers (“NASD”). ValuBond is also registered with the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (“MSRB”).

 

Our international Global Markets activities are primarily operated through Knight Equity Markets International Limited (“KEMIL”), a U.K. registered broker-dealer authorized and regulated by the Financial Services Authority (“FSA”) that provides execution services for predominately European institutional and broker-dealer clients in U.S., European and international equities. We intend to continue to expand our institutional business and product offerings in Europe in 2007.

 

Over the past two years, we have completed the following acquisitions of complementary businesses to strengthen our Global Markets business segment and expand our product offerings:

 

   

In June 2005, the Company acquired, for cash, the business of Direct Trading, a privately held firm specializing in providing institutions with direct market access trading through an advanced electronic platform, now known as Knight Direct. Upon the close of the transaction, the Company made a $40 million initial cash payment. The transaction also contains a two-year contingency from the date of closing for the payment of additional consideration based on the profitability of the business. In the third quarter of 2006, the Company paid $12.7 million in additional consideration based on the profitability of the business during the first year of operation after the closing of the acquisition. There is one additional contingent payment due in the third quarter of 2007 based on the profitability of the business during the second post-acquisition year of operation.

 

   

In October 2005, the Company acquired, for cash, the business of the ATTAIN ECN (now operating as Direct Edge), an alternative trading system that operates an electronic communications network (“ECN”). The Direct Edge ECN provides a liquidity destination with the current ability to match trades in Nasdaq National Market, Nasdaq Small Cap and NYSE and AMEX listed securities by displaying orders in the Nasdaq Market Center or the NASD Alternative Display Facility. The transaction closed with an initial cash payment and contains a four-year contingency from the date of closing for the payment of additional consideration based on meeting certain revenue and client retention metrics.

 

   

In April 2006, the Company acquired, for $77.5 million in cash, Hotspot, a leading electronic foreign exchange marketplace that provides access to electronic foreign exchange spot trade executions through an advanced ECN-based platform. One Hotspot subsidiary is regulated by the FSA and another Hotspot subsidiary is a Futures Commission Merchant (“FCM”) registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and is a member of the National Futures Association (“NFA”).

 

   

In October 2006, the Company acquired, for $18.2 million in cash, ValuBond, a privately held firm that provides electronic access and trade execution products for the fixed income market.

 

Clients and Products

 

Clients

 

Within Global Markets, we offer products and provide services primarily to two main client groups: broker-dealers and institutions. Our broker-dealer clients primarily include global, national and regional broker-dealers and on-line brokers. Our institutional clients primarily include mutual funds, pension plans, plan sponsors, hedge funds, trusts and endowments. Based on our internal allocation methodologies, our institutional clients (which include our direct market access, soft dollar and commission recapture clients) and our broker-dealer clients (which include our Direct Edge ECN clients) each generated approximately 50% of our Global Markets revenues in 2006.

 

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In 2006, our largest broker-dealer client accounted for approximately 10.9% of the Global Market’s U.S. equity dollar value traded. No other client accounted for over 10% of our U.S. equity dollar value traded.

 

Products and Services

 

Our strategy for our Global Markets segment is to continue to differentiate ourselves from competitors by providing high quality and competitive trade execution services with superior client service. Over the past three years, we have worked to aggressively expand our product offering.

 

We offer institutions comprehensive, unbundled trade execution services covering the depth and breadth of the market. We handle large, complex trades, accessing liquidity from our order flow as well as other sources. When liquidity is not naturally present in the market, we offer capital facilitation to complete our clients’ trades. Our institutional products include equity, futures, options and foreign currency trade execution solutions, block trading, program trading, international equities, special situations/risk arbitrage, soft dollar and commission recapture programs (Donaldson), corporate services, technical research (Knight Technical Research), direct market access (Knight Direct) and crossing networks (Knight Match). The majority of our revenues from institutional clients are commissions on agency transactions or commission-equivalents on riskless principal transactions.

 

We seek to provide broker-dealers with high quality and competitive trade executions that enable them to satisfy their fiduciary obligations to their customers to seek and obtain the best execution reasonably available in the marketplace. Most of our equity order flow comes from providing market-making and execution services to our broker-dealer clients. We execute the majority of the order flow from broker-dealer clients as principal. The majority of the revenues we earn from broker-dealer clients are net trading revenues, generated from the difference between the price paid when securities are bought and the price received when those securities are sold. We also provide fixed income and foreign currency trade executions to our broker-dealers clients.

 

Global Markets Competition

 

The securities industry is constantly evolving and intensely competitive, a trend that we expect will continue. Our market-making product competes primarily with similar products offered by global, national, and regional broker-dealers, the NYSE, the AMEX, NASDAQ, regional exchanges and alternative trading systems, such as ECNs and dark books. We have also experienced greater competition from market-making firms with highly automated, electronic trading models. Another source of competition comes from broker-dealers who execute portions of their client flow through internal market-making desks rather than sending the client flow to third party execution destinations, such as Knight.

 

We compete primarily on the basis of our execution standards (including price, liquidity and speed), client relationships, client service, payments for order flow and technology. Over the past several years, regulatory changes, competition and the continued focus by regulators and investors on execution quality and overall transaction costs have resulted in a market environment characterized by narrowed spreads and reduced revenue capture metrics. Consequently, maintaining profitability has become extremely difficult for many market-makers. Generally, improvements in execution quality, such as faster execution speed and greater price improvement, negatively impact the ability to derive revenues from executing broker-dealer order flow. For example, we have made, and continue to make, changes to our execution protocols, which have had, or could have, a significant impact on our profitability. To remain profitable, some market-makers have limited or ceased activity in illiquid or marginally profitable securities or, conversely, have sought to execute a greater volume of trades at a lower cost by increasing the automation and efficiency of their operations. In 2005 and 2006, we significantly increased the amount of automation in our market-making business, and we now execute most of our trades on an automated basis.

 

Competition for order flow in the U.S. equity markets continues to be intense in connection with publicly disclosed execution metrics; i.e., SEC Rules 605 and 606. These rules, applicable to broker-dealers, add greater

 

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disclosure to execution quality and order-routing practices. Rule 605 requires market centers that trade national market system securities to make available to the public monthly electronic reports that include uniform statistical measures of execution quality on a security-by-security basis. Rule 606 requires broker-dealers that route equity and option orders on behalf of their customers to make publicly available quarterly reports that describe their order routing practices and disclose the venues to which customer orders are routed for execution. These statistics on execution quality vary by order sender based on their mix of business. This rule also requires the disclosure of payment for order flow arrangements as well as internalization practices. The intent of this rule is to encourage routing of order flow to destinations based primarily on the demonstrable quality of executions at those destinations, supported by the order entry firms’ fiduciary obligations to seek to obtain best execution for their customers’ orders.

 

Commission rates have been under pressure for a number of years, and the ability to execute trades electronically through the internet and through other alternative trading systems (for example, through ECNs, direct market access or crossing networks) has increased the pressure on trading commissions. It appears that this trend toward alternative trading systems will continue. We may experience competitive pressures in these and other areas in the future as some of our competitors seek to obtain market share by reducing prices. Competition for business from institutional clients is based on a variety of factors, including execution quality, equity research, reputation, soft dollar and commission recapture services, technology, client relationships, client service, cost and capital facilitation. Based on industry surveys, approximately 50% of institutional equity commissions have historically been allocated to broker-dealers in exchange for either research or soft dollar and commission recapture services. These industry surveys also indicate that execution quality is one of the primary reasons why institutions allocate commissions to broker-dealers other than for research or soft dollar and commission recapture services. With our acquisition of the business of Donaldson & Co. (“Donaldson”) in 2003, we strengthened the soft dollar and commission recapture services we provide to our clients. In 2005, we also established a new research division, Knight Technical Research, to provide unbundled market analysis to our institutional client base. In the future, due partly to the regulatory scrutiny over the past few years relating to equity research and the continued focus by investors on execution quality and overall transaction costs, we believe that a greater percentage of institutional commissions will be allocated based on the quality of executions. However, there is no guarantee that this will occur.

 

Another factor contributing to the increase in competition for order flow is the significant mergers among U.S. market centers over the past several years, and the launch of independent ECNs and joint ventures with regional stock exchanges. The effects of these mergers and the launch of new competition, as well as the expected consolidation of certain U.S. and international stock exchanges, will be seen in the coming years.

 

Global Markets Infrastructure

 

We have invested a significant amount of resources in order to expand our execution capacity and upgrade our trading systems and infrastructure and plan to continue to make additional investments in technology in 2007. Our ability to identify and deploy emerging technologies that facilitate the execution of trades is key to the successful execution of our business model. Not only has technology enhanced our capacity and ability to handle order flow faster, it has also been an important component of our strategy to comply with government regulations, achieve competitive execution standards, increase trading automation and provide superior client service. In 2005, we automated the majority of our execution services for broker-dealer order flow through our internally developed quantitative models. We continued this process in 2006 which contributed to the improvement of Global Markets’ financial results. We plan to enhance our use of technology and quantitative models to further automate our execution services.

 

We use our proprietary technology and technology licensed from third parties to execute trades, monitor the performance of our traders, assess our inventory positions, manage risk and provide ongoing information to our clients. We are electronically linked to institutions and broker-dealers to provide immediate access to our trading operations and to facilitate the handling of client orders. Our business-to-business portal and our proprietary direct market access technology, Knight Direct, provide our clients with an array of web-based tools to interact

 

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with our Global Markets’ trading systems and most U.S. equity, futures and options market centers. Broker-dealers, both foreign and domestic, use this portal to send us order flow, access reports and use the other tools it offers to facilitate their business.

 

Alternative trading and data center facilities are in place for our primary domestic Global Markets operations. These facilities have been designed to allow us to continue a substantial portion of our operations if we are prevented from accessing or utilizing our primary office locations for an extended period of time.

 

Corporate Segment

 

The corporate segment includes all costs not associated with our two primary operating segments, primarily corporate overhead expenses. Corporate overhead expenses primarily consist of compensation for certain senior executives and other individuals employed at the corporate holding company, legal and other professional expenses relating to corporate matters, director’s fees, investor and public relations expenses and directors’ and officers’ insurance. This segment also includes the investment income earned on our strategic investments and our corporate investment in the Deephaven Funds. The results from our Corporate segment were positively impacted in 2005 and 2006 by realized gains from the sales of our strategic equity investments in the International Securities Exchange, Inc. (“ISE”) and the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. (“Nasdaq”).

 

Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights

 

Our success and ability to compete are dependent to a degree on our intellectual property, which includes our proprietary technology, trade secrets and client base. We rely primarily on trade secret, trademark, domain name, patent and contract law to protect our intellectual property. It is our policy to enter into confidentiality, intellectual property ownership and/or non-competition agreements with our employees, independent contractors and business partners, and to control access to and distribution of our intellectual property.

 

Government Regulation and Market Structure

 

Most aspects of the Company’s business are subject to extensive securities regulation under federal, state and international laws. The SEC, NASD, FSA, CFTC, MSRB, NFA, other self-regulatory organizations (commonly known as SROs), and other regulatory bodies, such as state securities commissions, promulgate numerous rules and regulations. As a matter of public policy, regulatory bodies are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of investors in those markets. Regulated entities are subject to regulations concerning all aspects of their business, including trade practices, best execution practices, capital structure, record retention and the conduct of officers, supervisors and registered employees. Failure to comply with any of these laws, rules or regulations could result in administrative or court proceedings, censures, fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or injunctions, or the suspension or disqualification of the entity and/or its officers, supervisors or registered employees. We, and certain of our past and present officers, directors and employees, have in the past been subject to claims alleging the violation of such laws, rules and regulations. We are subject to several of these matters as further described in “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 herein. Certain aspects of the Company’s public disclosure, corporate governance principles, internal control environment and the roles of auditors and counsel are subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related regulations and rules of the SEC and Nasdaq.

 

Rule-making by the SEC, NASD, CFTC, MSRB, NFA and corresponding market structure changes, can have, and have had an impact on the Company’s regulated subsidiaries by directly affecting our method of operation and profitability. Legislation such as the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 has imposed significant obligations on broker-dealers and mutual funds. These increased obligations require the implementation and maintenance of internal practices, procedures and controls which have increased our costs and may subject us to regulatory inquiries, claims or penalties.

 

The regulatory environment in which we operate our Global Markets business segment is subject to constant change. Our business, financial condition and operating results may be adversely affected as a result of new or

 

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revised legislation or regulations imposed by the U.S. Congress, the SEC, CFTC, other United States or foreign governmental regulatory authorities, the NASD, the NFA and other SROs or regulatory bodies. Additional regulations, changes in existing laws and rules, or changes in interpretations or enforcement of existing laws and rules often directly affect the method of operation and profitability of regulated broker-dealers. We cannot predict what effect, if any, such changes might have. For example, in June 2005, the SEC adopted rules under its Regulation NMS designed to modernize and strengthen the regulatory structure of the U.S. equity markets. Although many components of Regulation NMS may strengthen our national market system, certain components of the proposal (i.e., the trade-through rule) may have the potential for causing greater harm than good to the marketplace. Moreover, it is possible that Regulation NMS and its associated rules could negatively impact our Global Markets business. Regulation NMS is scheduled to begin implementation in March 2007. The recent expansion of many regional exchanges, in which several exchanges are seeking to create their own alternative trading systems (e.g., ECNs) and compete in the OTC and listed trading venues, as well as other independent ECNs, could also negatively impact our Global Markets business.

 

We have foreign based subsidiaries. The brokerage industry in many foreign countries is heavily regulated, much like the U.S. The varying compliance requirements of these different regulatory jurisdictions and other factors may limit our ability to conduct business or expand internationally. For example, the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (“MiFID”) adopted by the European Commission, is scheduled for implementation in November 2007. MiFID represents one of the more significant changes to take place in the operation of European capital markets. It is possible that MiFID and its associated rules and directives could negatively impact our Global Markets business.

 

Our Asset Management subsidiary, Deephaven, became registered as an investment adviser with the SEC in 2006. Registration as an investment adviser has resulted in additional regulatory responsibilities and obligations on Deephaven’s business compared to those prior to registration. Deephaven is also registered with the CFTC and is a member of the NFA as a “commodity pool operator” and a “commodity trading adviser.” Due to the nature of Deephaven’s client base, however, Deephaven is exempt from many of the CFTC/NFA regulations. Deephaven’s U.K. subsidiary is regulated by the FSA and Deephaven’s Hong Kong subsidiary is regulated by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission.

 

The Company believes that it is in material compliance with applicable regulations.

 

Net Capital Requirements

 

Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to the SEC’s Net Capital Rule. This rule, which specifies minimum net capital requirements for registered broker-dealers, is designed to measure the general financial integrity and liquidity of a broker-dealer and requires that at least a minimum part of its assets be kept in relatively liquid form. In general, net capital is defined as net worth (assets minus liabilities), plus qualifying subordinated borrowings and certain discretionary liabilities, less certain mandatory deductions that result from excluding assets that are not readily convertible into cash and from valuing conservatively certain other assets. Among these deductions are adjustments, commonly called haircuts, which reflect the possibility of a decline in the market value of an asset before disposition, and non allowable assets.

 

Failure to maintain the required net capital may subject a firm to suspension or revocation of registration by the SEC, and suspension or expulsion by the NASD and other regulatory bodies, and ultimately could require the firm’s liquidation. The Net Capital Rule prohibits payments of dividends, redemption of stock, the prepayment of subordinated indebtedness and the making of any unsecured advance or loan to a stockholder, employee or affiliate, if such payment would reduce the firm’s net capital below required levels.

 

A change in the Net Capital Rule, the imposition of new rules or any unusually large charges against net capital could limit those operations that require the intensive use of capital and also could restrict our ability to withdraw capital from our broker-dealer subsidiaries. A significant operating loss or any unusually large charge against net capital could adversely affect our ability to expand or even maintain our present levels of business.

 

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Certain of our foreign subsidiaries are subject to capital adequacy requirements set by their respective regulators.

 

During 2006, our significant broker-dealer subsidiaries, including KEM and KCM, were in compliance with their capital adequacy requirements. For additional discussion related to net capital, see Footnote 19 “Net Capital Requirements” included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this document.

 

Employees

 

As of December 31, 2006, our headcount was 844 full-time employees, compared to 720 full-time employees at December 31, 2005. The increase in headcount is primarily related to expansion of our Global Markets offering through the addition of the businesses of Hotspot and ValuBond in 2006. Of our 844 full-time employees at December 31, 2006, 772 were employed in the U.S. and 72 outside the U.S., primarily in the United Kingdom. None of our employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.

 

Item 1A.    Risks Factors

 

We face a number of risks that may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. These include, but are not limited to, the following:

 

 

Our business could be harmed by adverse economic, political and market conditions

 

The securities business generally is, by its nature, volatile. It is directly affected by numerous national and international factors that are beyond our control, including, among others, economic and political conditions; market sentiment; the availability of short-term and long-term funding and capital; the level and volatility of interest rates; legislative and regulatory changes; changes in currency and commodity values; and inflation. Any one or more of these factors may contribute to reduced levels of activity in the securities markets generally, or increased market volatility, which could result in lower revenues in both our Global Markets and Asset Management segments. Any reduction in revenues or any loss resulting from the above factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s businesses, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

Regulatory and legal uncertainties could harm our business

 

The securities industry in the United States is subject to extensive oversight under federal, state and applicable international laws as well as SRO rules. Broker-dealers are subject to regulations concerning all aspects of their business, including trade practices, best execution practices, capital structure, record retention and the conduct of their officers, supervisors and registered employees. Our operations and profitability may be directly affected by, among other things, additional legislation; changes in rules promulgated by the SEC, CFTC, FSA, the NASD and other SROs or regulatory bodies; and changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and rules. Failure to comply with these laws, rules or regulations could result in, among other things, administrative or court proceedings, censure, fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or injunctions, loss of membership, or the suspension or disqualification of the broker-dealer, FCM or asset manager and/or their officers, supervisors or registered employees. Our ability to comply with applicable laws and rules is largely dependent on our internal system to ensure compliance, as well as our ability to attract and retain qualified compliance personnel. We are currently the subject of regulatory reviews and investigations that may result in disciplinary actions in the future due to claimed noncompliance.

 

Various regulatory and enforcement agencies have been reviewing regulatory reporting obligations and best execution and trading practices as they relate to the brokerage and options industries. These reviews could result in enforcement actions or new regulations which could adversely affect our operations.

 

The SEC, CFTC, FSA, the NASD and other SROs are constantly proposing, or enacting, new regulations for the marketplace. For example, in June 2005, the SEC adopted rules under its Regulation NMS designed to

 

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modernize and strengthen the regulatory structure of the U.S. equity markets. Although many components of Regulation NMS may strengthen our national market system, certain components of the proposal (e.g., the trade-through rule) may have the potential for creating greater harm than good to the marketplace. Regulation NMS is scheduled to begin implementation in March 2007. MiFID, which is scheduled for implementation in November 2007, represents one of the more significant changes to take place in the operation of European capital markets. It is possible that Regulation NMS and MiFID, and their associated rules, could negatively impact our Global Markets business.

 

In regards to our Asset Management business, market disruptions and the dramatic increase in the capital allocated to alternative investment strategies during recent years have led to increased governmental as well as self-regulatory scrutiny of the hedge fund industry in general, and certain legislation proposing greater regulation of the industry periodically is considered or adopted by the U.S. Congress, as well as the Department of Labor, which enforces the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 to which Deephaven is subject, and certain U.S. regulatory entities and the governing bodies of non-U.S. jurisdictions. For example, the SEC enacted new rules that required most investment advisers to hedge funds, including Deephaven, to register as investment advisers by February 1, 2006 which resulted in additional responsibilities and obligations on Deephaven’s business. Deephaven became a registered investment advisor in January 2006. Although the SEC rule on hedge fund adviser registration under the Investment Advisers Act was ultimately overturned, Deephaven has elected to continue as a registered investment adviser. It is impossible to predict what, if any, changes in regulation applicable to Deephaven or the funds it manages, the markets in which they trade and invest or the counterparties with whom they do business may be instituted in the future. Any such regulation could negatively impact the profit potential of our Asset Management business.

 

As a result, regulatory actions or proceedings, regulatory legislation and changes in market customs and practices could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

We are highly dependent on key personnel

 

We are highly dependent on a limited number of key executives. Except for Thomas Joyce, our Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, who has an employment contract through December 2008, and certain Deephaven managers, no other key executive has an employment contract with the Company. Our success will be dependent to a large degree on our ability to retain the services of our existing key executives and to attract and retain additional qualified personnel in the future. Competition for such personnel is intense. The loss of the services of any of our key executives or the inability to identify, hire and retain necessary highly qualified executive management in the future could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

The Deephaven Managers have entered into new employment agreements, which became effective on January 1, 2007. These agreements are for three years and include a right of renewal by the Deephaven Managers through 2012 under certain circumstances. In the event that these agreements are not renewed by the Deephaven Managers or we lose the services of any of these senior managers, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

Our success also depends, in part, on the highly skilled, and often specialized, individuals we employ. Our ability to attract and retain management, sales, trading and technology professionals is important to our business strategy. The Company strives to provide high quality services that will allow it to establish and maintain long-term relationships with its clients. The Company’s ability to do so depends, in large part, upon the individual employees who represent the Company in its dealings with such clients. There can be no assurance that the Company will not lose such professionals due to increased competition or other factors in the future. The loss of sales, trading or technology professionals, particularly senior professionals with broad industry expertise, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and operating results.

 

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Risk of losses associated with our Global Markets and Asset Management businesses

 

We conduct our market-making activities predominantly as principal, which subjects our capital to significant risks. These activities involve the purchase, sale or short sale of securities for our own account and, accordingly, involve risks of price fluctuations and illiquidity, or rapid changes in the liquidity of markets that may limit or restrict our ability to either resell securities we purchase or to repurchase securities we sell in such transactions. From time to time, we may have large position concentrations in securities of a single issuer or issuers engaged in a specific industry, which might result in higher trading losses than would occur if our positions and activities were less concentrated. The success of our market-making activities primarily depends upon our ability to attract order flow, the amount of, and volatility in, our quantitative market-making and program trading portfolios, the performance of our quantitative market-making models, the skill of our trading personnel, general market conditions, effective hedging strategies, the price volatility of specific securities and the availability of capital. To attract order flow, we must be competitive on price, size of securities positions traded, liquidity offerings, order execution speed, technology, reputation and client relationships and service. In our role as a market-maker, we attempt to derive a profit from the difference between the prices at which we buy and sell securities. However, competitive forces often require us to match the quotes other market-makers display and to hold varying amounts of securities in inventory. By having to maintain inventory positions, we are subject to a high degree of risk. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage such risk successfully or that we will not experience significant losses from such activities. All of the above factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

The strategies employed by our Asset Management business could result in substantial risk of loss both to investors and to the Company’s corporate investment in the Deephaven Funds. As the Asset Management business employs leverage as an integral part of its various strategies, the risk of loss and the volatility of the underlying Deephaven Funds’ portfolios are increased. There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage such risk successfully or that we will not experience significant losses from such activities which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

Our future operating results may fluctuate significantly

 

We may experience significant variation in our future results of operations. These fluctuations may result from, among other things, introductions of or enhancements to trade execution services by us or our competitors; the value of our securities positions and our ability to manage the risks attendant thereto; the volume of our market-making activities; the dollar value of securities traded; volatility in the securities markets; our market share with institutional and broker-dealer clients; the performance, amount of, and volatility in, our quantitative market-making and program trading portfolios; the performance of our international operations; our ability to manage personnel, overhead and other expenses, including our occupancy expenses under our office leases and expenses and charges relating to legal and regulatory proceedings; the strength of our client relationships; changes in payments for order flow and clearing, execution and regulatory transaction costs; the level of assets under management and fund returns; the addition or loss of executive management and asset management, sales, trading and technology professionals; legislative, legal and regulatory changes; legal and regulatory matters; geopolitical risk; the amount and timing of capital expenditures, acquisitions and divestitures; integration, performance and operation of acquired businesses; the incurrence of costs associated with acquisitions and dispositions; investor sentiment; technological changes and events; seasonality; competition; and market and economic conditions. Such factors may also have an impact on our ability to achieve our strategic objectives, including, without limitation, increases in our market share and revenue capture in our Global Markets segment, and increases in our fund returns and assets under management in our Asset Management segment. If demand for our services declines in either of our two operating business segments due to any of the above factors, and we are unable to adjust our cost structure on a timely basis, our operating results could be materially and adversely affected. There also can be no assurance that we will be able to return to the rates of revenue growth that we have experienced in the past or that we will be able to improve our operating results.

 

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At December 31, 2006, the Company held a corporate investment of approximately $188 million in the Deephaven Funds. A decline in the Deephaven Funds’ returns could also have a material adverse effect on the value of our corporate investment and our operating results.

 

 

Our Asset Management business is subject to many risks

 

Our Asset Management business is subject to a variety of risks. These risks include, but are not limited to, the departure of key management, redemptions by investors, volatility of the funds’ returns and regulatory or legislative changes and proceedings.

 

Investors in the Deephaven Funds may generally redeem their investments upon relatively short notice, subject to certain withdrawal restrictions. Management changes or poor performance relative to other investment management firms tend to result in increased redemptions, the loss of accounts, and potentially significant limitations on Deephaven’s ability to raise new assets. During a declining market, the pace of these redemptions and withdrawal of assets may accelerate. Regulatory proceedings can impact the ability to raise funds and may increase redemptions. Redemptions could have a material adverse effect on the value of our investment in the Deephaven Funds and our results of operations.

 

In light of the recent announcement of the agreements with the Deephaven Managers completed in December 2006 and the resulting changes to the Deephaven management team, Deephaven and its management team have been actively working to meet with investors in the Deephaven Funds to explain the transactions and changes, and to address any questions or concerns the investors may have and to communicate Deephaven’s strategies and perspectives for 2007 and beyond. As is expected and common in these circumstances, Deephaven received redemption notices from certain investors following the announcement of the agreements and the change in portfolio manager for the Deephaven Event Fund. At this time, the Company believes, based on information currently available, that pending redemptions, offset by expected incoming investments, are not expected to have a material adverse effect on the results of our operations.

 

As of December 31, 2006, approximately 38% of the Deephaven Funds’ assets under management were in the Deephaven Market Neutral Funds (“Market Neutral Fund”). The investment philosophy for the Market Neutral Fund is to seek to produce returns for its investors using various investment strategies focusing on delivering attractive risk-adjusted rates of return. The performance of the Market Neutral Fund is intended to be substantially non-correlated with the general debt and equity markets, as well as with a number of other non-traditional investment strategies. Its returns are primarily dependent upon equity trading volumes, equity volatility, mergers and acquisitions and secondary offering activity in the capital markets, and credit spread relationships, among other factors. Within the Market Neutral Fund, Deephaven generally employs a variety of investment strategies, including event-driven, volatility-driven, fundamental equity, credit-driven and global macro strategies among others. There is no material limitation on the types of investment strategies that may be employed by the Market Neutral Fund.

 

There will be unhedged asset factor risks (i.e. equity, credit, interest rate, foreign exchange) in the Market Neutral Fund. Deephaven also manages single-strategy funds that pursue investment strategies which involve substantial risks based on the fact that they are less diversified strategies and could be more vulnerable to structural economic and regulatory changes, or general market conditions. The less diversified nature of these strategies may cause their performance to be more volatile and result in the incurrence of greater losses during unprofitable periods as compared to a more diversified approach.

 

Separately, Deephaven’s business also involves specific categories of trading and operational risk. For example, although Deephaven may attempt to hedge positions as part of its trading strategies, there is no assurance that adequate hedging opportunities will exist. Moreover, Deephaven relies to a material degree on its prime brokers to provide leverage, custody, execution and other services, but there is no assurance that the prime brokers will continue to provide the amount of leverage which they have in the past, or on the same terms, or provide any of the other services they currently provide, on a cost-effective basis. Deephaven also faces

 

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significant risk from the fact that any of its trading counterparties could fail, which would likely have the effect of greatly diminishing the value of the assets which are the subject of trades with that counterparty. Finally, if Deephaven does not appropriately structure its use of leverage, the losses the funds incur could be materially exacerbated.

 

 

Acquisitions, strategic investments and strategic relationships involve certain risks

 

Over the last two years, we have undertaken several strategic acquisitions, including the completed acquisitions of Direct Trading, Direct Edge, Hotspot, and ValuBond. We intend to continue to pursue strategic acquisitions of, or investments in, businesses and technologies. Acquisitions may entail numerous risks, including difficulties in assessing values for acquired businesses and technologies, difficulties in the assimilation of acquired operations and products, diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns, assumption of unknown material liabilities of acquired companies, amortization of acquired intangible assets which could reduce future reported earnings, and potential loss of clients or key employees of acquired companies. We may not be able to integrate successfully any operations, personnel, services or products that we have acquired or may acquire in the future. Strategic investments may also entail some of the risks described above. If these investments are unsuccessful, we may need to incur charges against earnings. We have also established a number of strategic relationships. These relationships and others we may enter into in the future may be important to our business and growth prospects. We may not be able to maintain these relationships or develop new strategic alliances.

 

 

Substantial competition could reduce our market share and harm our financial performance

 

We derive substantially all of our revenues from Global Markets and Asset Management activities. The market for these services is constantly evolving and intensely competitive, a trend that we expect will continue. We face direct competition in our Global Markets business primarily from global, national and regional broker-dealers, and also alternative trading systems, including other ECNs. Competition is primarily on the basis of our execution standards (including price, liquidity and speed), client relationships, reputation, product and service offerings and technology. A number of our Global Markets competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Some of our competitors offer a wider range of services and financial products than we do and have greater name recognition and a more extensive client base. These competitors may be able to respond more quickly than us to new or evolving opportunities and technologies, market changes, and client requirements and may be able to undertake more extensive promotional activities and offer more attractive terms to clients. Moreover, current and potential competitors have established or may establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties or may consolidate to enhance their services and products. It is possible that new competitors, or alliances among competitors, may also emerge and they may acquire significant market share.

 

In our Asset Management business we primarily compete with hedge funds and other asset management companies. Competition is based primarily on our reputation, client relationships, the experience of the management team, investment strategies, risk profile, fee structures and historical fund returns. Many of our competitors may have substantially greater financial resources as well as larger research and trading staffs than those available to Deephaven. These greater resources may be a particularly important competitive advantage given the highly technical, quantitative analysis required for operating a multi-strategy asset management firm. Competitive investment activity by other firms tends to reduce the Deephaven Funds’ opportunity for profit. The amount of capital committed to alternative investment strategies (i.e., hedge funds) has increased dramatically during recent years. The profit potential of the Deephaven Funds may be materially reduced as a result of the proliferation of alternative investment entities in competition with Deephaven.

 

As a result of the above, there can be no assurance that we will be able to compete effectively with current or future competitors, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

We could lose significant sources of revenues if we lose any of our major clients

 

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At times, a limited number of Global Markets clients have accounted for a significant portion of our equity and institutional order flow, revenues and profitability, and we expect a large portion of the future demand for, and profitability from, our Global Markets trading and market-making services to remain concentrated within a limited number of clients. None of our clients is contractually obligated to utilize us as a market-maker and, accordingly, these clients may direct their trading activities to other market-makers at any time. Some of these clients have purchased market-makers and specialist firms to internalize order flow. There can be no assurance that we will be able to retain these major clients or that such clients will maintain or increase their demand for our trading and market-making activities. In 2006, one client accounted for 10.9% of our total U.S. equity dollar value traded in our Global Markets segment. Our Asset Management segment also has a limited number of investors, though, as of December 31, 2006, there was no institution that accounted for more than 10% of the Deephaven Funds’ assets under management. The loss, or a significant reduction, of demand for our services from any of these clients could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

Our business is subject to substantial risk from litigation, regulatory investigations and potential securities laws liability

 

Many aspects of our business involve substantial risks of liability. We are exposed to liability under federal and state securities laws, other federal and state laws and court decisions, as well as rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC, the NASD, the Department of Labor, the FSA, the CFTC and other U.S. and non-U.S. SROs and regulatory bodies. We are also subject to the risk of litigation. From time to time, we, and certain of our past and present officers, directors and employees, have been named as parties in legal actions, regulatory investigations and proceedings, securities arbitrations and administrative claims and have been subject to claims alleging the violation of such laws, rules and regulations, some of which have resulted in the payment of fines and settlements. Moreover, we may be required to indemnify past and present officers, directors and employees in regards to these matters. We are subject to several of these matters as further described in “Legal Proceedings” in Part I, Item 3 herein.

 

Certain corporate events, such as a reduction in our workforce, could also result in additional litigation or arbitration. As we intend to defend vigorously any such litigation or proceeding, significant legal expenses could be incurred. An adverse resolution of any current or future lawsuits, legal or regulatory proceedings or claims against us could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

Our revenues may be negatively impacted by declines in market volume, volatility, price or liquidity

 

Our Global Markets revenues may decrease in the event of a decline in market volume, volatility, prices or liquidity. Declines in the volume of securities transactions and in market liquidity generally result in lower revenues from market-making activities. Lower price levels of securities may also result in reduced revenue capture, and thereby reduced revenues from market-making transactions, as well as result in losses from declines in the market value of securities held in inventory. Sudden sharp declines in market values of securities can result in illiquid markets, declines in the market values of securities held in inventory, the failure of buyers and sellers of securities to fulfill their obligations and settle their trades, and increases in claims and litigation. Our Asset Management business could be similarly impacted. Any decline in market volume, price or liquidity or any other of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

Our revenues may be negatively impacted by factors that adversely affect our trade execution activities and the credit risks associated with our clearing brokers

 

The majority of our revenues are derived from our Global Markets business. We expect this to continue for the foreseeable future. Any factor adversely affecting trading and market-making in general, or our market-making activities in particular, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. Our future success will depend on continued demand for our trading and market-making services and our ability to

 

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respond to regulatory and technological changes, as well as client demands. If demand for our trading and market-making services fails to grow, grows more slowly than we anticipate, or declines, our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

 

As a market-maker of OTC and listed equities, the majority of our securities transactions are conducted as principal with broker-dealer and institutional counterparties located in the United States. We clear the majority of our securities transactions through unaffiliated clearing brokers. Under the terms of the agreements between us and our clearing brokers, the clearing brokers have the right to charge us for losses that result from a counterparty’s failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. No assurance can be given that any such counterparty will not default on its obligations, which default could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results. At any time a substantial portion of our assets are held at one or more clearing brokers and, accordingly, we are subject to credit risk with respect to such clearing brokers. One firm clears the majority of our trades and holds the majority of our assets within Global Markets. Consequently, we are reliant on the ability of our clearing brokers to adequately discharge their obligations on a timely basis. We are also dependent on the solvency of such clearing brokers. Any failure by the clearing brokers to adequately discharge their obligations on a timely basis, or failure by a clearing broker to remain solvent, or any event adversely affecting the clearing brokers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

The market price of our common stock could fluctuate significantly

 

Our Class A Common Stock, and the U.S. securities markets in general, have experienced significant price fluctuations in recent years. The price of our Class A Common Stock could decrease substantially. Since the market price of our Class A Common Stock tends to fluctuate significantly, we may become the subject of securities class action litigation which may result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources. Our future quarterly operating results may not consistently meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

 

 

Capacity constraints, systems failures and delays could harm our business

 

Our business activities are heavily dependent on the integrity and performance of the computer and communications systems supporting them and the services of certain third parties. Our systems and operations are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, natural disasters, power loss, computer viruses, intentional acts of vandalism and similar events. Extraordinary trading volumes or other events could cause our computer systems to operate at an unacceptably low speed or even fail. While we have invested significant amounts of capital in the last few years to upgrade the capacity, reliability and scalability of our systems, there can be no assurance that our systems will be sufficient to handle such extraordinary trading volumes. Many of our systems are, and much of our infrastructure is, designed to accommodate additional growth without redesign or replacement; however, we may need to make significant investments in additional hardware and software to accommodate growth. Failure to make necessary expansions and upgrades to our systems and infrastructure could lead to failures and delays. Such failures and delays could cause substantial losses for our clients and could subject us to claims from our clients for losses, including litigation claiming fraud or negligence. In the past, high trading volume has caused significant delays in executing some trading orders, resulting in some clients’ orders being executed at prices they did not anticipate. From time to time, we have reimbursed our clients for losses incurred in connection with systems failures and delays.

 

Capacity constraints, systems failures and delays may occur again in the future and could cause, among other things, unanticipated disruptions in service to our clients, slower system response times resulting in transactions not being processed as quickly as our clients desire, decreased levels of client service and client satisfaction, and harm to our reputation. If any of these events were to occur, we could suffer a loss of clients, especially our largest clients, or a reduction in the growth of our client base, increased operating expenses, financial losses, additional litigation or other client claims, and regulatory sanctions or additional regulatory burdens.

 

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In addition, we have developed business continuity capabilities that can be utilized in the event of a disaster or disruption. Since the timing and impact of disasters and disruptions are unpredictable, we have to be flexible in responding to actual events as they occur. Significant business disruptions can vary in their scope. A disruption might only affect the Company, a building housing the Company, a business district in which the Company is located, a city in which the Company is located or an entire region. Within each of these areas, the severity of the disruption can also vary from minimal to severe. The Company’s business continuity facilities are designed to allow us to substantially continue operations if we are prevented from accessing or utilizing our primary offices for an extended period of time. While the Company has employed significant steps to develop, implement and maintain reasonable business continuity plans, the Company cannot guarantee our systems will absolutely recover after a significant business disruption. If we are prevented from using any of our current trading operations or if our business continuity operations do not work effectively, we may not have complete business continuity. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

 

We may not be able to keep up with rapid technological and other changes

 

The markets in which we compete are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, frequent new product and service announcements, introductions and enhancements and changing client demands. If we are not able to keep up with these rapid changes on a timely and cost-effective basis, we may be at a competitive disadvantage. The widespread adoption of new internet, networking or telecommunications technologies or other technological changes could require us to incur substantial expenditures to modify or adapt our services or infrastructure. Any failure by us to anticipate or respond adequately to technological advancements, client requirements or changing industry standards, or any delays in the development, introduction or availability of new services, products or enhancements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

 

Item 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

 

None.

 

Item 2.    Properties

 

Our corporate headquarters are located in Jersey City, New Jersey. We lease approximately 266,000 square feet at 545 Washington Boulevard under a lease that expires in October 2021. We also collectively lease approximately 121,000 square feet for our other office locations in the U.S. and abroad.

 

The Company incurred $8.5 million of Writedown of assets and lease loss accruals in 2006, primarily related to excess real estate capacity at the Company’s 545 Washington Boulevard facility in Jersey City, N.J., encompassing approximately 78,000 square feet, all of which is unoccupied. The Company engaged a real estate broker to sub-lease this excess space, but to date our efforts to sublet this space have not been successful. This accrual was derived from assumptions and estimates based on lease terms of an anticipated sub-lease agreement, which assumed a sub-lease would commence in the beginning of 2008, anticipated market prices along the Jersey City waterfront and estimated up-front costs, including broker fees and build-out allowances. We continually monitor the market and space to assess the reasonableness of our applicable assumptions.

 

Item 3.    Legal Proceedings

 

From time to time, we and certain of our past and present officers, directors and employees have been named as parties to legal actions, securities arbitrations, administrative claims and regulatory reviews and investigations arising in connection with the conduct of our businesses. We are also subject to several of these matters at the present time. Although there can be no assurances, at this time the Company believes, based on information currently available, that the outcome of each of the matters will not have a material adverse effect on the consolidated financial condition of the Company, although they might be material to operating results for any particular period, depending, in part, upon operating results for that period.

 

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Legal

 

Short Selling Litigation—KEM and/or the Company, sometimes together with other broker-dealer defendants, have been named in actions in which it was generally alleged that the firm improperly engaged in short sales transactions concerning securities of certain issuers. In general, the plaintiffs in all of these lawsuits are limited to either the issuer and/or a shareholder of the underlying security. Certain of these cases have been dismissed and others are in various stages of the litigation process. The one case currently pending in a trial court is H-Quotient, Inc. v. Knight Trading Group, Inc. and Knight Securities, L.P. in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In Sporn et al. v. Elgindy et al, which had been filed in the United States District Court for the Central District of California, the court dismissed, with prejudice, the claims against the Company, and the plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The Ninth Circuit remanded the case to the District Court on the grounds that there was no final appealable judgment. The plaintiffs’ action against certain remaining defendants continues. In ATSI v. The Shaar Fund, Ltd. Et al., which had been pending in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the court dismissed, with prejudice, the claims against the Company, and plaintiffs appealed to the Second Circuit. That appeal remains pending.

 

KEM Trading Dispute Arbitration—On February 28, 2005, KEM filed an arbitration claim with NASD Dispute Resolution, Inc. against a trading counterparty and one of its registered representatives seeking recovery of approximately $6.5 million, representing the amount KEM believes it is owed by this counterparty in a trading dispute regarding the counterparty’s receipt of dividends on stocks traded for same-day settlement during the ex-dividend period (the “KEM Trading Dispute Arbitration”). In March 2005, a customer of the counterparty in the KEM Trading Dispute Arbitration filed an action in New York State Supreme Court against KEM seeking declaratory relief that the customer is the rightful owner of the dividends paid to them. In October 2005, KEM’s counterparty asserted claims in the KEM Trading Dispute Arbitration in the nature of an interpleader against its customer and KEM, requesting that the panel determine the rights to the disputed dividends. KEM has asserted counterclaims in the Supreme Court action. Hearings were held in the arbitration matter in January 2007, and additional hearing dates are scheduled for later in 2007. The Supreme Court action has been stayed pending completion of the arbitration.

 

Last Atlantis Capital LLC et al. v. Chicago Board Options Exchange, Inc. et al.—In January 2004, thirty-five securities firms, including the Company and its former operating subsidiary, Knight Financial Products LLC (collectively the “market-maker defendants”), as well as four options exchanges, were named in a complaint filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The plaintiffs in the action allegedly submitted orders to buy and sell options on the four named options exchanges, and the market-maker defendants were prospective and/or actual counterparties to those orders. The plaintiffs allege that during the period from September 11, 2000 through the present day the market-maker defendants, among other things, failed to provide a competitive and orderly market for the purchase and sale of the options and issued false and misleading price quotations that deceived the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs allege that this conduct violated certain sections of the Sherman and Clayton Acts, the federal securities laws and Illinois state law, and also should result in common law liability. The plaintiffs have requested unspecified monetary damages and injunctive relief. On or about March 30, 2005, the court dismissed the complaint with prejudice and entered judgment against the plaintiffs. Plaintiffs moved to vacate the judgment and for reconsideration of the dismissal. The court then permitted plaintiffs to file an amended complaint and to add additional parties as plaintiff. Defendants have moved to dismiss the amended complaint. In September 2006, the district court dismissed, with prejudice, the federal causes of action in the consolidated complaint, and dismissed without prejudice, for lack of jurisdiction, the state law causes of action in the consolidated complaint. Judgment was entered by the court in September 2006. Thereafter, plaintiffs filed post-trial motions seeking reconsideration of the court’s decision and requesting the court to vacate its judgment. These motions remain pending. In October 2006, plaintiffs filed a Notice of Appeal with the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals from this decision and judgment and from decisions and orders of the district court issued in 2005 dismissing the original complaints filed in this and related cases. The Notice of Appeal is stayed until plaintiffs’ post-trial motions are disposed of by the district court.

 

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Gurfein etc. v. Ameritrade, Inc. et al.—This putative class action was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in December 2004, alleging that the Company, various specialist firms, broker-dealers and the American Stock Exchange violated common law and the securities laws by, among other things, failing to execute limit orders for options at quoted prices and by executing market orders for options at prices less favorable than the actual market price. The plaintiff seeks unspecified monetary damages and injunctive relief. The Company is seeking indemnification for this matter under contractual arrangements with a third party, although there is no guarantee that it will be successful in obtaining such indemnification. In January 2006, the court dismissed the case with prejudice against the American Stock Exchange and without prejudice against the remaining defendants. In March 2006, plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint. The Second Amended Complaint asserts no claim against any Knight defendant.

 

Regulatory

 

The Company owns subsidiaries including regulated entities that are subject to extensive oversight under federal, state and applicable international laws as well as SRO rules. Changes in market structure and the need to remain competitive require constant changes to our systems and order handling procedures. The Company makes these changes while continuously endeavoring to comply with many complex laws and rules. Compliance, surveillance or trading issues, common in the securities industry, and which are monitored or reported to the SEC, CFTC or SROs, are reviewed in the ordinary course of business by our primary regulators, the SEC, NASD, FSA, CFTC, MSRB and NFA. The Company, as a major order flow execution destination, is named from time to time in, or is asked to respond to a number of regulatory matters brought by U.S. regulators, foreign regulators and SROs that arise from its trading activity. The Company is currently the subject of various regulatory reviews and investigations. In some instances, these matters may rise to a SEC, CFTC, FSA or SRO disciplinary action and/or civil or administrative action.

 

As disclosed in the Company’s Form 10-K filing for the year ended December 31, 2005, and in subsequent SEC filings in May 2006, Deephaven announced that it had concluded a settlement with the SEC in connection with trading activity associated with certain Private Investments in Public Equities (“PIPEs”). Without admitting or denying the allegations in the SEC’s complaint, and as part of the settlement, Deephaven was required to disgorge approximately $2.7 million, pay approximately $343,000 in pre-judgment interest and pay approximately $2.7 million as a civil penalty. In May 2006, these amounts were paid to the Clerk of the Court. The settlement resolved the matters for which Deephaven received the Wells Notice from the staff of the SEC in June 2005. The former Deephaven employee who also received a Wells Notice settled the allegations made by the SEC against him. Deephaven was not responsible for the penalties assessed against the former employee.

 

As disclosed in our amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2004, on December 16, 2004, Knight Securities L.P., (“KSLP,” now known as KEM) concluded a settlement with the SEC and the NASD (the “Settlement”). The Settlement resolved the matters for which KSLP received Wells Notices from the staffs of the SEC and NASD but did not address Wells Notices received by certain former employees of KSLP. In March 2005, NASD announced that it had charged Kenneth Pasternak, former CEO of KSLP, and John Leighton, former head of KSLP’s institutional sales desk, in an administrative complaint alleging “supervisory violations in connection with fraudulent sales to institutional customers in 1999 and 2000.” The administrative hearing in the NASD matter has been concluded. A decision has not yet been issued. In August 2005, the SEC announced that it had filed a civil fraud action in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against Kenneth Pasternak and John Leighton. The SEC matter is still pending.

 

In 2006, the Company received a request from the staff of the SEC for voluntary production of certain documentation related to options activities of its subsidiary, Knight Financial Products LLC, during the period of time that the subsidiary conducted the Derivative Markets business prior to its sale by the Company in December 2004. The Company believes this request is part of a broader review by the staff of the SEC regarding certain trading practices in the options industry during the period 1999-2005. The Company responded to this request and is cooperating with the staff of the SEC and certain regional exchanges to resolve this matter.

 

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Other Matters

 

In addition to the matters described above, in the normal course of business, the Company has been named, from time to time, as a defendant or respondent in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions, and other litigation, arising in connection with its business activities as a consolidated group of regulated broker-dealers providing execution and trading services. Certain of these legal actions include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. From time to time, Deephaven may be a plaintiff in suits filed in federal or state courts taken in support of activist or other investments made by one of the funds managed by Deephaven. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of such matters, particularly in cases in which claimants seek substantial or indeterminate damages, the Company cannot predict with certainty the eventual loss, or range of loss, or the range of potential recovery, related to such matters. The Company is contesting liability and/or the amount of damages in each pending matter.

 

Item 4.    Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

 

None.

 

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PART II

 

Item 5.    Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC under the symbol “NITE”. Public trading of our Class A Common Stock commenced on July 8, 1998. The following table sets forth, for the past two years, the high and low quarterly sales price per share of the Class A Common Stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market:

 

2006

   High    Low
     

First Quarter

   $ 14.09    $ 8.99

Second Quarter

     17.40      13.15

Third Quarter

     18.47      13.75

Fourth Quarter

     20.51      15.98

2005

         

First Quarter

     10.99      9.35

Second Quarter

     9.69      7.28

Third Quarter

     8.94      7.40

Fourth Quarter

     10.90      7.87

 

The closing sale price of our Class A Common Stock as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market on February 27, 2007, was $15.42 per share. As of that date there were approximately 690 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock based on information provided by our transfer agent. The number of stockholders does not reflect the actual number of individual or institutional stockholders that hold our stock because certain stock is held in the name of nominees. Based on information made available to us by our transfer agent, there are approximately 44,000 beneficial holders of our Class A Common Stock.

 

We have never declared or paid a cash dividend on our Class A Common Stock. The payment of cash dividends is within the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on many other factors, including, but not limited to, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, restrictions imposed by financing arrangements, general business conditions and legal requirements.

 

The following table contains information about our purchases of Class A Common Stock during the fourth quarter of 2006:

 

Period(1)

  Total Number of
Shares Purchased
  Average Price
Paid per Share
  Total Number of Shares
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs(2)
  Approximate Dollar
Value of Shares That May
Yet Be Purchased Under
the Plans or Programs

October 1, 2006 - October 31, 2006

  401,962   $ 18.88   400,000   $ 158,743,271

November 1, 2006 - November 30, 2006

  1,550,000     17.75   1,550,000     131,237,700

December 1, 2006 - December 31, 2006

  181,490     17.68   180,400     128,050,935
           

Total

  2,133,452     17.95   2,130,400  
           

(1)   As a matter of policy, the Company does not repurchase its Class A Common Stock during self-imposed “closed window” periods.
(2)   On April 4, 2002, the Company’s Board of Directors announced the authorization of a stock repurchase program, which allowed for the purchase of Class A Common Stock up to a total amount of $35 million. This repurchase program was increased by an aggregate of $460 million to a total of $495 million by resolutions of the Company’s Board of Directors adopted on July 16, 2002, May 12, 2003, April 20, 2004, August 8, 2004, April 19, 2005, October 18, 2005 and April 18, 2006. The Company may repurchase shares in the open market or through privately negotiated transactions, depending on prevailing market conditions, alternative use of capital and other factors. The repurchase program has no set expiration or termination date.

 

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Item 6.    Selected Financial Data

 

The following selected consolidated financial data are qualified by the Consolidated Financial Statements of Knight Capital Group, Inc. and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this document. The following should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the discussion under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this document. The Consolidated Statements of Operations Data for 2006, 2005 and 2004 and the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data at December 31, 2006 and 2005 have been derived from our audited Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this document. The Consolidated Statements of Operations Data for 2003 and 2002 and the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data at December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002 are derived from Consolidated Financial Statements not included in this document.

 

    For the years ended December 31,  
    2006   2005   2004     2003     2002  
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data (1):   (In thousands, except share and per share data)  

Revenues

         

Commissions and fees

  $ 405,315   $ 296,222   $ 276,011     $ 163,147     $ 75,599  

Net trading revenue

    243,761     165,614     250,993       290,938       269,323  

Asset management fees

    213,887     89,227     77,658       57,903       34,510  

Interest and dividends, net

    16,027     9,019     4,647       3,657       5,357  

Investment income and other

    72,219     74,541     16,441       30,264       13,199  
                                   

Total revenues

    951,209     634,623     625,750       545,909       397,988  
                                   

Transaction-based expenses

         

Execution and clearance fees

    106,908     99,427     111,788       102,659       85,917  

Soft dollar and commission recapture

    65,458     63,671     60,118       9,986       7,372  

Payments for order flow and ECN rebates

    42,191     21,220     36,632       32,179       36,306  
                                   

Total transaction-based expenses

    214,557     184,318     208,538       144,824       129,595  
                                   

Revenues, net of transaction-based expenses

    736,652     450,305     417,212       401,085       268,393  

Other direct expenses

         

Employee compensation and benefits

    352,353     229,460     244,550       206,860       169,044  

Communications and data processing

    33,119     32,513     28,896       27,992       31,077  

Depreciation and amortization

    20,641     16,355     14,248       19,385       26,658  

Professional fees

    20,568     19,555     14,915       10,993       16,384  

Business development

    14,343     6,419     8,269       7,160       6,852  

Occupancy and equipment rentals

    13,536     13,554     16,852       17,449       21,554  

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

    8,480     10,055     3,810       16,508       15,423  

Regulatory charges and related matters

    —       5,703     79,342       —         —    

International charges

    —       —       —         —         31,221  

Other

    17,101     11,540     6,844       11,152       13,771  
                                   

Total other direct expenses

    480,141     345,154     417,726       317,499       331,984  
                                   

Income (loss) before income taxes, minority interest and discontinued operations

    256,511     105,151     (514 )     83,586       (63,591 )

Income tax expense (benefit)

    98,165     38,912     9,258       32,497       (20,139 )
                                   

Income (loss) before minority interest and discontinued operations

    158,346     66,239     (9,772 )     51,089       (43,452 )

Minority interest in consolidated subsidiaries

    —       —       —         —         5,101  
                                   

Net income (loss) from continuing operations

  $ 158,346   $ 66,239   $ (9,772 )   $ 51,089     $ (38,351 )

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax

  $ —     $ 122   $ 100,904     $ (13,016 )   $ (4,886 )
                                   

Net income (loss)

  $ 158,346   $ 66,361   $ 91,132     $ 38,073     $ (43,237 )
                                   

Basic earnings per share from continuing operations

  $ 1.56   $ 0.64   $ (0.09 )   $ 0.46     $ (0.32 )
                                   

Diluted earnings per share from continuing operations

  $ 1.49   $ 0.62   $ (0.08 )   $ 0.43     $ (0.32 )
                                   

Basic earnings per share from discontinued operations

  $ —     $ —     $ 0.90     $ (0.12 )   $ (0.04 )
                                   

Diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations

  $ —     $ —     $ 0.86     $ (0.11 )   $ (0.04 )
                                   

Basic earnings per share

  $ 1.56   $ 0.64   $ 0.81     $ 0.34     $ (0.36 )
                                   

Diluted earnings per share

  $ 1.49   $ 0.62   $ 0.77     $ 0.32     $ (0.36 )
                                   

Shares used in computation of basic earnings per share

    101,420,428     103,455,791     112,423,158       112,023,419       120,771,786  
                                   

Shares used in computation of diluted earnings per share

    106,242,653     106,881,855     117,636,085       117,749,743       120,771,786  
                                   

 

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     December 31,
     2006    2005    2004    2003    2002

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data:

              

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 214,760    $ 230,591    $ 445,539    $ 249,998    $ 236,629

Securities owned, held at clearing brokers, at market value

     711,775      380,367      254,473      201,239      143,357

Investment in Deephaven sponsored funds

     187,573      281,657      215,330      197,605      148,688

Assets within discontinued operations

     —        —        —        2,938,223      2,411,285

Total assets

     2,028,214      1,416,016      1,394,020      3,960,228      3,174,058

Securities sold, not yet purchased, at market value

     693,071      345,457      221,421      173,119      84,715

Liabilities within discontinued operations

     —        —        —        2,808,167      2,200,504

Total stockholders’ equity

     962,487      823,448      851,202      787,096      753,832

(1) - Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

 

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Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

 

Executive Overview

 

We are a leading financial services firm that provides voice and electronic access to the capital markets across multiple asset classes for buy-side, sell-side and corporate clients, and asset management for institutions and private clients. We continually apply knowledge and innovation to the trading and asset management processes to build lasting client partnerships through consistent performance and superior client service. We have two operating business segments, Asset Management and Global Markets, as well as a Corporate segment.

 

   

Asset Management—Our Asset Management business, Deephaven, is a global, multi-strategy alternative investment manager focused on delivering attractive risk-adjusted returns with low correlation to the broader markets for institutions and private clients. Assets under management were $4.2 billion as of December 31, 2006, up from $2.9 billion of assets under management as of December 31, 2005.

 

   

Global Markets—Our Global Markets business offers superior execution quality through natural liquidity, capital facilitation and trading technology, with comprehensive products and services that support the capital formation process. We make a market or trade in nearly every U.S. equity security and provide trade execution services in a large number of international securities, futures, options, foreign currencies and fixed income instruments.

 

The Company’s Corporate segment includes all corporate overhead expenses and investment income earned on strategic investments and our corporate investment in funds managed by the Asset Management segment (the “Deephaven Funds”). Corporate overhead expenses primarily consist of compensation for certain senior executives and other individuals employed at the corporate holding company, legal and other professional expenses related to corporate matters, directors’ fees, investor and public relations expenses and directors’ and officers’ insurance.

 

In December 2004, the Company completed the sale of one of its business segments, Derivative Markets, to Citigroup Financial Products Inc. (“Citigroup”). In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), the results of this segment have been included within discontinued operations for 2005 and 2004. For a further discussion of the sale of the Company’s Derivative Markets business, see Footnote 9 “Discontinued Operations” included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this document.

 

The following table sets forth: (i) Revenues, (ii) Expenses excluding Regulatory charges and related matters and Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual (“Operating Expenses”) and (iii) Income (loss) from continuing operations before Regulatory charges and related matters and Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual and income taxes (“Pre-Tax Operating Earnings”) of our segments and on a consolidated basis (in millions):

 

     For the years ended December 31,  
     2006    2005    2004  

Asset Management

        

Revenues

   $ 214.9    $ 89.8    $ 78.2  

Operating Expenses

     140.0      63.2      48.6  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

     74.8      26.5      29.6  
                      

Global Markets

        

Revenues

     669.7      470.7      531.0  

Operating Expenses

     510.9      425.6      461.1  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

     158.8      45.1      69.9  
                      

Corporate

        

Revenues

     66.6      74.2      16.6  

Operating Expenses

     35.3      24.9      33.5  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

     31.4      49.3      (16.9 )
                      

Consolidated

        

Revenues

     951.2      634.6      625.8  

Operating Expenses

     686.2      513.7      543.2  
                      

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

   $ 265.0    $ 120.9    $ 82.6  
                      

Totals may not add due to rounding

 

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Consolidated revenues in 2006 increased $316.6 million, or 50% from 2005, while consolidated Operating Expenses increased $172.5 million or 34% from 2005. Overall, Consolidated Pre-Tax Operating Earnings increased $144.1 million, or 119% from 2005.

 

The changes in our Pre-Tax Operating Earnings by segment from 2005 to 2006 are summarized as follows:

 

   

Asset Management—Our 2006 Pre-Tax Operating Earnings from Asset Management were up $48.3 million, or 182% from 2005, primarily due to higher incentive fees as a result of increased fund returns and higher assets under management.

 

   

Global Markets—Our 2006 Pre-Tax Operating Earnings from Global Markets were up $113.7 million or 252% from 2005, primarily due to the expansion of our electronic trading effort and automated execution of most of our broker-dealer order flow, increased revenue capture and volumes, and improved market conditions.

 

   

Corporate—The results from our Corporate segment were positively impacted in 2006 by realized gains from the sales of our corporate equity investment in the International Securities Exchange, Inc. (“ISE”), as well as higher returns on our corporate investment in the Deephaven Funds. The decrease in our 2006 Pre-Tax Operating Earnings compared to 2005 is primarily related to the sale of our investment in the Nasdaq Stock Market, Inc. (“Nasdaq”) in 2005.

 

A reconciliation of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes in accordance with GAAP (“Pre-Tax GAAP Income”) to Pre-Tax Operating Earnings and of total GAAP expenses to Operating Expenses is included elsewhere in this section.

 

Certain Factors Affecting Results of Operations

 

We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant fluctuations in operating results due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, introductions or enhancements to trade execution services by us or our competitors; the value of our securities positions and our ability to manage the risks attendant thereto; the volume of our market-making activities; the dollar value of securities traded; volatility in the securities markets; our market share with institutional and broker-dealer clients; the performance, amount of, and volatility in, the results of our quantitative market-making and program trading portfolios; the performance of our international operations; our ability to manage personnel, overhead and other expenses, including our occupancy expenses under our office leases and expenses and charges related to our legal and regulatory proceedings; the strength of our client relationships; changes in payments for order flow and clearing, execution and regulatory transaction costs; the level of assets under management and fund returns; the addition or loss of executive management and asset management, sales and trading and technology professionals; legislative, legal and regulatory changes; legal and regulatory matters; geopolitical risk; the amount and timing of capital expenditures, acquisitions and divestitures; the integration, performance and operation of acquired businesses; the incurrence of costs associated with acquisitions and dispositions; investor sentiment; technological changes and events; seasonality; competition and market and economic conditions. Such factors may also have an impact on our ability to achieve our strategic objectives, including, without limitation, increases in our pre-tax profit margins, market share and revenue capture in our Global Markets segment and increases in our fund returns and assets under management in our Asset Management segment. If demand for our services declines in either of our segments due to any of the above factors, and we are unable to adjust our cost structure on a timely basis, our operating results and strategic objectives could be materially and adversely affected.

 

As a result of the foregoing factors, period-to-period comparisons of our revenues and operating results are not necessarily meaningful and such comparisons cannot be relied upon as indicators of future performance. There also can be no assurance that we will be able to continue the rates of revenue growth that we have experienced in the past or that we will be able to improve our operating results.

 

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Trends

 

We believe that our continuing operations are impacted by the following trends that may affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 

   

Broker-dealer clients continue to focus on statistics measuring the quality of equity executions (including speed of executions and price improvement). In an effort to improve the quality of their executions as well as increase efficiencies, market-makers have increased the level of automation within their operations. Over the past several years, the greater focus on execution quality has resulted in greater competition in the marketplace, which, along with market structure changes and market conditions, has negatively impacted the revenue capture metrics of the Company and other market-making firms.

 

   

Retail equity transaction volumes executed by broker-dealers have fluctuated over the past few years due to investor sentiment, market conditions and a variety of other factors. Retail equity transaction volumes may not be sustainable and are not predictable.

 

   

There has been consolidation among market centers over the past several years, and several regional exchanges have entered into joint ventures with broker-dealers to create their own alternative trading systems (i.e. ECNs) and compete within the OTC and listed trading venues. In addition, many broker-dealers are offering their own internal crossing networks creating further fragmentation in the marketplace.

 

   

Market structure changes, competition and market conditions have triggered an industry shift toward market-makers charging explicit commissions or commission equivalents to institutional clients for executions in OTC securities. For the majority of our institutional client orders, we charge explicit fees in the form of commissions or commission equivalents. Institutional commission rates have fallen in the past few years, and may continue to fall in the future.

 

   

Due to regulatory scrutiny over the past several years relating to equity sell-side research and the continued focus by investors on execution quality and overall transaction costs, more institutional clients allocate commissions to broker-dealers based on the quality of executions. In the past, institutional equity commissions were primarily allocated to broker-dealers in exchange for either research or soft dollar and commission recapture programs.

 

   

There has been increased scrutiny of market-makers, specialists, hedge funds and soft dollar practices by the regulatory and legislative authorities. New legislation or modifications to existing regulations and rules could occur in the future.

 

   

There has been a proliferation of alternative investment entities, which has had the effect of materially increasing competition for new investor assets.

 

Income Statement Items

 

The following section briefly describes the key components of, and drivers to, our significant revenues and expenses.

 

Revenues

 

Our revenues consist principally of Commissions and fees and Net trading revenue from Global Markets. Revenues on transactions for which we charge explicit commissions or commission equivalents, which include the majority of our institutional client orders, are included within Commissions and fees. Commissions and fees are primarily affected by changes in our equity transaction volumes with institutional clients, changes in commission rates, the growth of Direct Trading, Direct Edge, Hotspot and ValuBond and the growth of our soft dollar and commission recapture activity.

 

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Trading profits and losses on principal transactions are included within Net trading revenue. These revenues are primarily affected by changes in the amount and mix of U.S. equity trade and share volumes, our revenue capture, dollar value of equities traded, our ability to derive trading gains by taking proprietary positions, changes in our execution standards, volatility in the marketplace, our mix of broker-dealer and institutional clients, and regulatory changes and evolving industry customs and practices.

 

Asset management fees represent fees earned by Deephaven for sponsoring and managing the Deephaven Funds as well as fees earned from separately managed accounts. These fees consist of annual management fees, calculated as fixed percentages of assets under management, and incentive fees, generally calculated as a percentage of the funds’ and managed accounts’ year-to-date profits, if any.

 

We earn interest income from our cash held at banks and cash held in trading accounts at clearing brokers. The Company’s clearing agreements call for payment or receipt of interest income, net of transaction-related interest charged by clearing brokers for facilitating the settlement and financing of securities transactions. Net interest is primarily affected by interest rates, the level of cash balances held at banks and clearing brokers and our level of securities positions in which we are long compared to our securities positions in which we are short.

 

Investment income and other primarily represents income earned, net of losses, related to our corporate investment in the Deephaven Funds and our strategic investments. Such income is primarily affected by the level of our corporate investments in our Deephaven Funds and rates of return earned by the Deephaven Funds as well as the performance and activity of our strategic investments.

 

Transaction-based expenses

 

Transaction-based expenses include transaction-based variable expenses directly incurred in conjunction with generating Net trading revenue and Commissions and fees and consist of Execution and clearance fees, Soft dollar and commission recapture expense, and Payments for order flow and ECN rebates.

 

Execution and clearance fees primarily represent clearance fees paid to clearing brokers for equities transactions, transaction fees paid to Nasdaq and other exchanges and regulatory bodies, and execution fees paid to third parties, primarily for executing trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) and other exchanges, and for executing orders through third party ECNs. Execution and clearance fees primarily fluctuate based on changes in equity trade and share volume, clearance fees charged by clearing brokers and fees paid to ECNs, exchanges and certain regulatory bodies.

 

Soft dollar and commission recapture expense represent payments to institutions in connection with our soft dollar and commission recapture programs. Soft dollar and commission recapture expense fluctuates based on U.S. equity share volume executed on behalf of institutions.

 

Payments for order flow and ECN rebates represent payments to broker-dealer clients, in the normal course of business, for directing to us their order flow in U.S. equities and rebates for providing liquidity to our ECN, Direct Edge. Payments for order flow and ECN rebates fluctuate as we modify our rates and as our percentage of clients whose policy is not to accept payments for order flow varies. Payments for order flow and ECN rebates also fluctuate based on U.S. equity share volume, our profitability and the mix of market orders and limit orders.

 

Other direct expenses

 

Other direct expenses primarily consist of Employee compensation and benefits, Communications and data processing, Professional fees, Depreciation and amortization and Occupancy and equipment rentals.

 

Employee compensation and benefits expense, our largest expense, primarily consists of salaries and wages paid to all employees and profitability-based compensation, which includes compensation paid to sales personnel

 

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and incentive compensation paid to all other employees based on our profitability. Compensation for employees engaged in sales activities is determined primarily based on a percentage of their gross revenues net of certain transaction-based expenses. The majority of compensation in Asset Management is determined by formulas based upon the profitability of the Asset Management segment, subject to certain minimum guaranteed payments. Employee compensation and benefits expense fluctuates, for the most part, based on changes in our revenues, profitability and the number of employees.

 

Communications and data processing expense primarily consists of costs for obtaining market data, telecommunications services and systems maintenance.

 

Results of Operations

 

The following table sets forth the consolidated statements of operations data as a percentage of total revenues:

 

     For the years ended
December 31,
 
     2006     2005     2004  

Revenues

      

Commissions and fees

   42.6 %   46.7 %   44.1 %

Net trading revenue

   25.6 %   26.1 %   40.1 %

Asset management fees

   22.5 %   14.1 %   12.4 %

Interest and dividends, net

   1.7 %   1.4 %   0.8 %

Investment income and other

   7.6 %   11.7 %   2.6 %
                  

Total revenues

   100.0 %   100.0 %   100.0 %
                  

Transaction-based expenses

      

Execution and clearance fees

   11.2 %   15.7 %   17.9 %

Soft dollar and commission recapture expense

   6.9 %   10.0 %   9.6 %

Payments for order flow and ECN rebates

   4.4 %   3.3 %   5.9 %
                  

Total transaction-based expenses

   22.6 %   29.0 %   33.3 %
                  

Revenues, net of transaction-based expenses

   77.4 %   71.0 %   66.7 %

Other direct expenses

      

Employee compensation and benefits

   37.0 %   36.2 %   39.1 %

Communications and data processing

   3.5 %   5.1 %   4.6 %

Depreciation and amortization

   2.2 %   2.6 %   2.3 %

Professional fees

   2.2 %   3.1 %   2.4 %

Business development

   1.5 %   1.0 %   1.3 %

Occupancy and equipment rentals

   1.4 %   2.1 %   2.7 %

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

   0.9 %   1.6 %   0.6 %

Regulatory charges and related matters

   0.0 %   0.9 %   12.7 %

Other

   1.8 %   1.8 %   1.1 %
                  

Total other direct expenses

   50.5 %   54.4 %   66.8 %
                  

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes

   27.0 %   16.6 %   –0.1 %

Income tax expense

   10.3 %   6.1 %   1.5 %
                  

Net income (loss) from continuing operations

   16.6 %   10.5 %   –1.6 %

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax

   0.0 %   0.0 %   16.1 %
                  

Net income

   16.6 %   10.5 %   14.6 %
                  

Percentages may not add due to rounding.

 

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Years Ended December 31, 2006 and 2005

 

Continuing Operations

 

Revenues

 

Asset Management

 

    For the years ended December 31,              
          2006                 2005           Change     % of Change  

Total Revenues from Asset Management (millions)

  $ 214.9     $ 89.8     $ 125.1     139.3 %
                             

Average month-end balance of assets under management (millions)

  $ 3,420.4     $ 3,291.1     $ 129.3     3.9 %

Annual fund return to investors*

    22.8 %     7.2 %     15.6 %   218.4 %

*   Annual fund return represents the blended annual return across all assets under management.

 

Total revenues from the Asset Management segment, which primarily consists of Asset management fees, increased 139.3% to $214.9 million in 2006, from $89.8 million in 2005. The increase is primarily due to higher incentive fees as a result of increased fund returns and higher assets under management. The average month-end balance of assets under management increased to $3.4 billion in 2006, from $3.3 billion in 2005. The blended annual fund return across all assets under management for 2006 was a gain of 22.8%, up from a gain of 7.2% in 2005.

 

Global Markets

 

    For the years ended December 31,            
          2006               2005         Change     % of Change  

Commissions and fees (millions)

  $ 405.3   $ 296.2   $ 109.1     36.8 %

Net trading revenue (millions)

    243.8     165.6     78.1     47.2 %

Interest and dividends, net (millions)

    12.2     6.6     5.5     83.6 %

Investment income and other (millions)

    8.4     2.2     6.2     283.2 %
                     

Total Revenues from Global Markets (millions)

  $ 669.7   $ 470.7   $ 199.0     42.3 %
                     

U.S equity dollar value traded ($ billions)

    2,033.6     1,882.2     151.4     8.0 %

U.S. equity trades executed (millions)

    225.5     204.1     21.4     10.5 %

Nasdaq and Listed equity shares traded (billions)

    94.3     106.3     (12.0 )   –11.3 %

OTC Bulletin Board and Pink Sheet shares traded (billions)

    1,063.1     718.8     344.3     47.9 %

Average revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded (bps)

    2.1     1.8     0.4     21.6 %

 

Total revenues from the Global Markets segment, which primarily comprises Commissions and fees and Net trading revenue from our domestic businesses, increased 42.3% to $669.7 million in 2006, from $470.7 million in 2005. Revenues in 2006 were positively impacted by improved market conditions, higher dollar volumes, an increase in revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded, the expansion of our electronic trading effort and the automation of executions of most of our broker-dealer order flow. Revenues in 2006 were also positively impacted by the addition of Direct Trading, Direct Edge, Hotspot and ValuBond, which were acquired in June 2005, October 2005, April 2006 and October 2006, respectively. Excluding the impact of these acquisitions, total revenues from Global Markets would have increased 26.6% to $563.2 million in 2006, from $444.9 million in 2005. Revenues were also positively impacted by new fees charged to clients in connection with certain transaction-based regulatory costs incurred by the Company. These fees increased Commissions and fees by $19.2 million in 2006. Approximately $9.4 million of these fees related to client transaction activity in 2006 while the remaining $9.8 million related to client transaction activity in 2005 and prior years.

 

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Average revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded was 2.1 basis points (“bps”) in 2006, up from 1.8 bps in 2005. Average revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded is calculated as the total of net domestic trading revenues plus U.S. institutional commissions and commission equivalents (included in Commissions and fees), less certain transaction-related regulatory fees (included in Execution and clearance fees), (collectively “Core Equity Revenues”) divided by the total dollar value of the related equity transactions. Core Equity Revenues were $434.6 million and $330.4 million in 2006 and 2005, respectively. Core Equity Revenues do not include revenues from KEMIL’s European institutional business, Donaldson, Direct Trading, Direct Edge, Hotspot and ValuBond.

 

Corporate

 

     For the years ended December 31,             
     2006    2005    Change     % of Change  

Total Revenues from Corporate (millions)

   $ 66.6    $ 74.2    $ (7.5 )   –10.1 %
                            

Average corporate investment balance in the Deephaven Funds (millions)

   $ 230.2    $ 272.6    $ (42.5 )   –15.6 %

 

Total revenues from the Corporate segment, which primarily represents income from our corporate investments in the Deephaven Funds and other strategic investments, decreased 10.1% to $66.6 million, from $74.2 million in 2005. Included in 2006 is a pre-tax gain of $30.1 million related to the sale of the remaining portion of the Company’s equity investment in the ISE. In 2005, the Company sold 70% of its original equity ownership of the ISE and its entire Nasdaq equity investment which resulted in pre-tax gains of $34.2 million and $21.7 million, respectively. Excluding these gains on our strategic investments, total revenues from the Corporate segment were $36.5 million in 2006, up 99.9% from $18.3 million in 2005. Income from our corporate investments in the Deephaven Funds rose 109.4% to $34.2 million in 2006 from $16.3 million in 2005. This increase was due to a higher average return on investment, offset in part by a lower average investment balance.

 

Transaction-based expenses

 

Execution and clearance fees increased 7.5% to $106.9 million in 2006, from $99.4 million in 2005. As a percentage of total revenue, Execution and clearance fees decreased to 11.2% in 2006, from 15.7% in 2005. Excluding gains on the sales of our strategic investments, Execution and clearance fees as a percentage of total revenue were 11.6% in 2006 and 17.2% in 2005. Execution and clearance fees fluctuate based on changes in transaction volumes, regulatory fees and efficiencies in processing the transactions.

 

Soft dollar and commission recapture expense increased 2.8% to $65.5 million in 2006, from $63.7 million in 2005, primarily due to the inclusion of a full year’s results from Direct Trading in 2006, which was acquired in the middle of 2005.

 

Payments for order flow and ECN rebates increased to $42.2 million in 2006, from $21.2 million in 2005. As a percentage of total revenue, Payments for order flow and ECN rebates increased to 4.4% in 2006, from 3.3% in 2005. This expense increased primarily due to increased profitability-based rebates paid to broker-dealers and the full year inclusion of, and higher volumes within, the Direct Edge business which was acquired in October 2005.

 

Other direct expenses

 

Employee compensation and benefits expense increased 53.6% to $352.4 million in 2006, from $229.5 million in 2005. The increase was primarily due to stronger overall results, which led to higher profitability-based compensation, as well as additional compensation related to Direct Trading, Direct Edge, Hotspot and ValuBond. As a percentage of total revenue, Employee compensation and benefits increased slightly to 37.0% in 2006 from 36.2% in 2005. Excluding gains from the sales of our ISE and Nasdaq investments, Employee

 

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compensation and benefits as a percentage of total revenues decreased slightly to 38.3% in 2006 from 39.6% in 2005. The number of full time employees in our continuing operations increased to 844 employees at December 31, 2006, from 720 employees at December 31, 2005, primarily due to the acquisitions of Hotspot and ValuBond.

 

Communications and data processing expense increased 1.9% to $33.1 million in 2006, from $32.5 million in 2005, due to technology costs incurred relating to our new businesses within Global Markets segment in 2005 and 2006. Depreciation and amortization expense increased 26.2% to $20.6 million in 2006, from $16.4 million in 2005, due to the purchase or acquisition of fixed assets and the amortization of intangible assets in connection with our acquisitions. Occupancy and equipment rentals expense decreased slightly to $13.5 million in 2006, from $13.6 million in 2005.

 

Professional fees increased 5.2% to $20.6 million in 2006, from $19.6 million in 2005. The increase in 2006 was primarily due to increases in legal expenses, which fluctuate based on the activity relating to various legal and regulatory proceedings, and consulting expenses.

 

Business development expense increased to $14.3 million in 2006, compared to $6.4 million in 2005. The primary reason for the increase was higher expenses related to the corporate brand campaign, marketing and travel and entertainment costs.

 

Other expenses increased to $17.1 million in 2006, compared to $11.5 million in 2005. Other expenses in 2006 include a short swing profit settlement of approximately $2.8 million relating to trading by two Deephaven funds in the shares of a company while the funds owned in aggregate more than 10% of the outstanding shares of the stock of that company. Additionally, employee recruitment costs increased to $3.4 million in 2006, compared to $1.5 million in 2005.

 

During 2006, the Company incurred charges of $8.5 million in writedowns of assets and lease loss accruals primarily relating to costs associated with excess real estate capacity in Jersey City, N.J. During 2005, the Company incurred charges of $15.8 million, consisting of $10.1 million of writedowns of assets and lease loss accruals primarily related to the costs associated with excess real estate capacity in our Jersey City, N.J. facilities, and $5.7 million related to charges for regulatory and related matters.

 

Our effective tax rate for 2006 from continuing operations of 38% differed from the federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to state income taxes and non-deductible charges.

 

Years Ended December 31, 2005 and 2004

 

Continuing Operations

 

Revenues

 

Asset Management

 

    For the years ended December 31,              
          2005                 2004           Change     % of Change  

Total Revenues from Asset Management (millions)

  $ 89.8     $ 78.2     $ 11.6     14.9 %
                             

Average month-end balance of assets under management (millions)

  $ 3,291.1     $ 2,963.5     $ 327.7     11.1 %

Annual fund return to investors*

    7.2 %     6.5 %     0.6 %   9.6 %

*   Annual fund return represents the blended annual return across all assets under management.

 

Total revenues from the Asset Management segment, which primarily consists of Asset management fees, increased 14.9% to $89.8 million in 2005, from $78.2 million in 2004. The increase is due to higher incentive fees as a result of an increase in fund returns as well as higher management fees due to the growth in the average

 

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month-end balance of assets under management. The average month-end balance of assets under management increased to $3.3 billion in 2005, from $3.0 billion in 2004. The blended annual fund return across all assets under management for 2005 was 7.2%, up from 6.5% in 2004.

 

Global Markets

 

    For the years ended December 31,            
          2005               2004         Change     % of Change  

Commissions and fees (millions)

  $ 296.2   $ 276.0   $ 20.2     7.3 %

Net trading revenue (millions)

    165.6     251.0     (85.4 )   –34.0 %

Interest and dividends, net (millions)

    6.6     3.8     2.8     74.1 %

Investment income and other (millions)

    2.2     0.2     2.0     1180.8 %
                     

Total Revenues from Global Markets (millions)

  $ 470.7   $ 531.0   $ (60.3 )   –11.4 %
                     

U.S equity dollar value traded ($ billions)

    1,882.2     1,730.7     151.5     8.8 %

U.S. equity trades executed (millions)

    204.1     205.9     (1.8 )   –0.9 %

Nasdaq and Listed equity shares traded (billions)

    106.3     125.5     (19.2 )   –15.3 %

OTC Bulletin Board and Pink Sheet shares traded (billions)

    718.8     1,349.6     (630.8 )   –46.7 %

Average revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded (bps)

    1.8     2.5     (0.7 )   –28.2 %

 

Total revenues from our Global Markets segment, which primarily comprises Commissions and fees and Net trading revenue from the domestic businesses, decreased 11.4% to $470.7 million in 2005, from $531.0 million in 2004. Revenues in 2005 were negatively impacted by lower revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded, offset by new revenues from Direct Trading and Direct Edge, which were acquired in June 2005 and October 2005, respectively, and higher dollar volumes. Our revenue capture was impacted during 2005 by greater competition, regulatory changes and market conditions. Excluding the impact of Direct Trading and Direct Edge, total revenues from Global Markets would have decreased 16.2% to $444.9 million in 2005, from $531.0 million in 2004. In 2004, the Company recorded a reserve of $6.5 million against the amount the Company believes it is owed by a counterparty in a trading dispute (the “Dispute Reserve”). This reserve reduced net trading revenues by $6.5 million in 2004.

 

Average revenue capture per U.S. equity dollar value traded was 1.8 bps in 2005, down 28.2% from 2.5 bps in 2004. We removed the impact of the Dispute Reserve of $6.5 million from our revenue capture calculation for 2004. Core Equity Revenues were $330.4 million and $424.7 million in 2005 and 2004, respectively. As previously noted, Core Equity Revenues do not include revenues from KEMIL’s European institutional business, Donaldson, Direct Trading and Direct Edge.

 

Corporate

 

     For the years ended December 31,            
           2005                2004          Change    % of Change  

Total Revenues from Corporate (millions)

   $ 74.2    $ 16.6    $ 57.5    346.4 %
                           

Average corporate investment balance in the Deephaven Funds (millions)

   $ 272.6    $ 216.9    $ 55.7    25.7 %

 

Total revenues from the Corporate segment, which primarily represents income from our corporate investments in the Deephaven Funds and other strategic investments, increased to $74.2 million. In 2005, the Company sold 70% of its original equity ownership of the ISE and its entire Nasdaq equity investment which resulted in pre-tax gains of $34.2 million and $21.7 million, respectively. Excluding these gains on our strategic

 

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investments, total revenues from the Corporate segment were $18.3 million in 2005, up 10% from 2004. Income from our corporate investments in the Deephaven Funds rose 28.0% to $16.3 million in 2005 from $12.8 million in 2004. This increase was due to a higher average investment balance and higher average returns on such investment.

 

Transaction-based expenses

 

Execution and clearance fees decreased 11.1% to $99.4 million in 2005, from $111.8 million in 2004. As a percentage of total revenue, execution and clearance fees decreased to 15.7% in 2005, from 17.9% in 2004. Execution and clearance fees were 17.2% of 2005 total revenues excluding gains on the sales of our strategic investments. Execution and clearance fees fluctuate based on changes in transaction volumes, regulatory fees and efficiencies in processing the transactions.

 

Soft dollar and commission recapture expense increased 5.9% to $63.7 million in 2005, from $60.1 million in 2004, primarily due to the addition of the Direct Trading business in the middle of 2005.

 

Payments for order flow and ECN rebates decreased 42.1% to $21.2 million in 2005, from $36.6 million in 2004. As a percentage of total revenue, Payments for order flow and ECN rebates decreased to 3.3% in 2005, from 5.9% in 2004. The decrease on a dollar basis is primarily due to changes in our payment for order flow policies initiated in the second quarter of 2005.

 

Other direct expenses

 

Employee compensation and benefits expense decreased 6.2% to $229.5 million in 2005, from $244.5 million in 2004. As a percentage of total revenue, employee compensation and benefits decreased to 36.2% in 2005 from 39.1% in 2004. Excluding gains from the sales of our ISE and Nasdaq investments, Employee compensation and benefits as a percentage of total revenues increased slightly to 39.6% in 2005 from 39.1% in 2004. The number of full time employees in our continuing operations increased to 720 employees at December 31, 2005, from 683 employees at December 31, 2004, primarily due to the acquisitions of Direct Trading and Direct Edge.

 

Communications and data processing expense increased 12.5% to $32.5 million in 2005, from $28.9 million in 2004. This increase was attributable to additional costs from Direct Trading and a general increase in technology and market data costs.

 

Depreciation and amortization expense increased 14.8% to $16.4 million in 2005, from $14.2 million in 2004. This increase was primarily due to purchases of fixed assets and leasehold improvements at our new facility at 545 Washington Boulevard, Jersey City, N.J., as well as depreciation and amortization related to Direct Trading and Direct Edge. Occupancy and equipment rentals expense decreased 19.6% to $13.6 million in 2005, from $16.9 million in 2004, primarily due to lease loss accruals related to our Jersey City, N.J. office locations.

 

Professional fees increased 31.1% to $19.6 million in 2005, from $14.9 million in 2004. The increase in 2005 was primarily due to an increase in legal expenses, which have fluctuated based on the activity relating to various legal and regulatory proceedings, and consulting expenses.

 

Business development expense decreased to $6.4 million in 2005, compared to $8.3 million in 2004. The primary reason for the decrease was lower travel and entertainment costs.

 

Other expenses increased to $11.5 million in 2005, compared to $6.8 million in 2004. Other expenses in 2004 included a benefit of approximately $3.0 million related to an adjustment to legal reserves established during 2003. Excluding the impact of this one-time adjustment in 2004, Other expenses increased 17% due to costs associated with the move of our corporate headquarters, as well as higher general and administrative costs.

 

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During 2005, the Company incurred charges of $15.8 million, consisting of $10.1 million of writedowns of assets and lease loss accruals primarily related to the costs associated with excess real estate capacity in our Jersey City, N.J. facilities, and $5.7 million related to charges for regulatory and related matters.

 

During 2004, the Company incurred charges of $83.2 million, consisting of $79.3 million related to charges for regulatory and related matters and $3.8 million of writedowns of assets and lease loss accruals primarily related to the costs associated with excess real estate capacity in Jersey City, N.J. For a discussion of the $79.3 million charge for regulatory and related matters, refer to Footnote 12 “Regulatory Charges and Related Matters” included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of our 2005 Form 10-K.

 

Our effective tax rate for 2005 from continuing operations of 37% differed from the federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to non-deductible penalties related to charges for regulatory and related matters and state income taxes.

 

Reconciliation of Total GAAP Expenses and Pre-Tax GAAP Income to Operating Expenses and Pre-Tax Operating Earnings, Respectively

 

In an effort to provide additional information regarding the Company’s results as determined by GAAP, the Company also discloses certain non-GAAP information which management believes provides useful information to investors. Within this Form 10-K, the Company has disclosed its Operating Expenses and its Pre-Tax Operating Earnings to assist the reader in understanding the impact of Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual and Regulatory charges and related matters on the Company’s annual results for 2006, 2005 and 2004 by segment, thereby facilitating more useful period-to-period comparisons of the Company’s continuing businesses. For additional information related to segments, see Footnote 20 “Business Segments” included in Part II, Item 8 “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in this document. Charts are presented in millions.

 

Total GAAP Expenses to Operating Expenses

 

     For the year ended December 31, 2006  
     Asset Mgmt     Global Markets     Corporate    Total  

Transaction-based Expenses

   $ —       $ 214.6     $ —      $ 214.6  

Other Direct Expenses

     140.0       304.8       35.3      480.1  
                               

Total GAAP Expenses

     140.0       519.4       35.3      694.7  

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

     —         (8.5 )     —        (8.5 )
                               

Operating Expenses

   $ 140.0     $ 510.9     $ 35.3    $ 686.2  
                               
     For the year ended December 31, 2005  
     Asset Mgmt     Global Markets     Corporate    Total  

Transaction-based Expenses

   $ —       $ 184.3     $ —      $ 184.3  

Other Direct Expenses

     69.0       251.3       24.9      345.2  
                               

Total GAAP Expenses

     69.0       435.6       24.9      529.5  

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

     —         (10.0 )     —        (10.0 )

Regulatory charges and related matters

     (5.7 )     —         —        (5.7 )
                               

Operating Expenses

   $ 63.2     $ 425.6     $ 24.9    $ 513.7  
                               
     For the year ended December 31, 2004  
     Asset Mgmt     Global Markets     Corporate    Total  

Transaction-based Expenses

   $ —       $ 208.5     $ —      $ 208.5  

Other Direct Expenses

     48.6       335.7       33.5      417.7  
                               

Total GAAP Expenses

     48.6       544.2       33.5      626.3  

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

     —         (3.8 )     —        (3.8 )

Regulatory charges and related matters

     —         (79.3 )     —        (79.3 )
                               

Operating Expenses

   $ 48.6     $ 461.1     $ 33.5    $ 543.2  
                               

 

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Pre-Tax GAAP Income to Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

 

     For the year ended December 31, 2006  
     Asset Mgmt    Global Markets     Corporate     Total  

Pre-Tax GAAP Income

   $ 74.8    $ 150.3     $ 31.4     $ 256.5  

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

     —        8.5       —         8.5  
                               

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

   $ 74.8    $ 158.8     $ 31.4     $ 265.0  
                               
     For the year ended December 31, 2005  
     Asset Mgmt    Global Markets     Corporate     Total  

Pre-Tax GAAP Income

   $ 20.8    $ 35.1     $ 49.3     $ 105.2  

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

     —        10.0       —         10.0  

Regulatory charges and related matters

     5.7      —         —         5.7  
                               

Pre-Tax Operating Earnings

   $ 26.5    $ 45.1     $ 49.3     $ 120.9  
                               
     For the year ended December 31, 2004  
     Asset Mgmt    Global Markets     Corporate     Total  

Pre-Tax GAAP Income

   $ 29.6    $ (13.2 )   $ (16.9 )   $ (0.5 )

Writedown of assets and lease loss accrual

     —        3.8       —         3.8  

Regulatory charges and related matters

     —