10-K 1 g00534e10vk.htm EDUCATION REALTY TRUST, INC. EDUCATION REALTY TRUST, INC.
Table of Contents

 
 
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form 10-K
     
(Mark One)    
þ
  ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
    For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005
 
or
 
o
  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
    For the transition period from           to
Commission file number: 001-32417
Education Realty Trust, Inc.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
     
Maryland
  20-1352180
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
  (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
530 Oak Court Drive, Suite 300,
Memphis Tennessee
(Address of principal executive offices)
  38117
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:
(901) 259-2500
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:
     
Title of Class   Name of Exchange on Which Registered
     
Common Stock, $.01 par value per share
  New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act:
None
      Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.      Yes o          No þ
      Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.     Yes o          No þ
      Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.     Yes o          No þ
      Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.     þ
      Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer o          Accelerated filer o          Non-accelerated filer þ
      Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o          No þ
      As of June 30, 2005 the aggregate market value of the registrants common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $399.9 million, based on the closing sale price as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
      As of March 28, 2006, the Registrant had 26,225,000 shares of common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
      The Registrant incorporates by reference portions of its Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2006 Annual Meeting of Stockholders into Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein.
 
 


 

EDUCATION REALTY TRUST, INC.
Form 10-K
Year Ended December 31, 2005
             
        Page
         
 Part I        
   Business     2  
   Risk Factors     13  
   Unresolved Staff Comments     24  
   Properties     24  
   Legal Proceedings     27  
   Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders     27  
 Part II
   Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities     28  
   Selected Financial Data     30  
   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations     34  
   Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk     47  
   Financial Statements and Supplementary Data     47  
   Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure     48  
   Controls and Procedures     48  
   Other Information     48  
 Part III
   Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant     48  
   Executive Compensation     48  
   Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters     48  
   Certain Relationships and Related Transactions     49  
   Principal Accountant Fees and Services     49  
 Part IV
   Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules     49  
 Signatures     50  
 CODE OF ETHICS
 EX-31.1 SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION OF THE CEO
 EX-31.2 SECTION 302 CERTIFICATION OF THE CFO
 EX-32.1 SECTION 906 CERTIFICATION OF THE CEO & CFO

1


Table of Contents

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
      This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, including discussion and analysis of the financial condition of Education Realty Trust, Inc., our anticipated capital expenditures required to complete projects, amounts of anticipated cash distributions to our stockholders in the future and other matters. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts but are the intent, belief or current expectations of our management based on their knowledge and understanding of the business and industry. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, are difficult to predict and could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in the forward-looking statements.
      Forward-looking statements that were true at the time made may ultimately prove to be incorrect or false. You are cautioned to not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect our management’s view only as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report include changes in general economic conditions, changes in real estate conditions, construction costs that may exceed estimates, construction delays, increases in interest rates, lease-up risks, inability to obtain new tenants upon the expiration of existing leases, and the potential need to fund tenant improvements or other capital expenditures out of operating cash flow. The forward-looking statements should be read in light of these factors and the factors identified in the “Business — Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report.
PART I
Item 1. Business.
Our Company
      Education Realty Trust, Inc. is a self-managed and self-advised real estate investment trust, or REIT, organized in July 2004 to acquire, own and manage high quality student housing communities located near university campuses. We were formed to continue and expand upon the student housing business of Allen & O’Hara, Inc. (the “EDR Predecessor”), a company with over 40 years of experience as an owner, manager and developer of student housing. As of December 31, 2005, we owned and operated 26 off-campus student housing communities located in 17 states containing 19,501 beds in 6,186 apartment units located near 23 universities. As of December 31, 2005, we provided third-party management services for 17 student housing communities located in eleven states containing 9,296 beds in 3,047 apartment units at thirteen universities. We also provided third-party development consulting services as requested by our clients. From 1964 through 2004, the EDR Predecessor owned and operated 26 student housing communities located in 13 states containing over 16,000 beds and managed a total of 67 communities located in 21 states containing approximately 36,000 beds at 47 universities.
      Our owned student housing communities typically have the following characteristics:
  •  located in close proximity to university campuses (within two miles or less);
 
  •  average age of approximately six years;
 
  •  Designed specifically for students with modern unit plans and amenities; and
 
  •  supported by our long-standing Community Assistant program and other student-oriented activities and services that enhance the college experience.

2


Table of Contents

Initial Public Offering and Formation Transactions
      On January 31, 2005, (the “Closing Date”), we sold 21,850,000 shares of our common stock at an offering price of $16.00 per share, including the sale of 2,850,000 shares in connection with the full exercise of the over-allotment option by the underwriters of our initial public offering (the “Offering”). J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. and UBS Securities LLC were the joint book-running managers for the Offering. Simultaneous with the Offering, we completed our formation transactions, which included the contribution of the student housing business of the EDR Predecessor and its subsidiaries, purchase of the related minority interests in the EDR Predecessor and its subsidiaries and the acquisition of 14 student housing communities previously owned by JPI Investment Company, L.P. and its affiliates (“JPI”). The net proceeds of the Offering after expenses were approximately $320.4 million. The Offering proceeds were used as follows:
  •  approximately $121.2 million to pay the cash portion of our formation transactions;
 
  •  approximately $118.4 million to repay mortgage debt assumed in the formation transactions, including prepayment fees of approximately $3.7 million;
 
  •  approximately $6.0 million to fund our revolving loan commitment to an affiliate of JPI;
 
  •  approximately $1.4 million to pay loan origination fees relating to our $100 million revolving credit facility that was obtained on January 31, 2005 and amended on April 4, 2005;
 
  •  approximately $59.6 million to purchase properties located near the University of Mississippi in February 2005, the University of South Carolina in March 2005, Middle Tennessee State University in April 2005, the University of Florida in June 2005, and Auburn University in July 2005; and
 
  •  approximately $6.7 million was used for general corporate purposes, including payment of distributions to our stockholders.
Our Structure Following the Closing Date
      Following the closing of our Offering and our formation transactions, substantially all of our assets are held by, and we have conducted substantially all of our activities through Education Realty Operating Partnership, LP, (our “Operating Partnership”), and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Allen & O’Hara Education Services, Inc., (our “Management Company”) and Allen & O’Hara Development Company, LLC, (our “Development Company”). All of our operating expenses are borne by our Operating Partnership, our Management Company or our Development Company, as the case may be. For the year ended December 31, 2005, we are governed by a five-member board of directors, four of whom are classified under applicable New York Stock Exchange listing standards as “independent” directors.
      We are the sole general partner of our Operating Partnership. As a result, our board of directors effectively directs all of our Operating Partnership’s affairs. We own 94.2% of the outstanding partnership units of our Operating Partnership, and 4.9% of the partnership units of our Operating Partnership are held by the former owners of our initial properties and assets including members of our management team. Some of our officers also own an indirect interest in our Operating Partnership, which we refer to as “profits interest units,” which is held through ownership of units in Education Realty Limited Partner, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company controlled by us and that holds 0.9% of the aggregate interests in our Operating Partnership.
      Since the Closing Date, University Towers Operating Partnership, LP, (the “University Towers Partnership”), which is our affiliate, has held, owned and operated our University Towers property located in Raleigh, North Carolina. We own 67% of the units in the University Towers Partnership, and 33% of the University Towers Partnership is held by the former owners of our initial properties and assets including members of our management team.

3


Table of Contents

Our Management Company and Our Development Company
      We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our tax year ending December 31, 2005. In order to qualify as a REIT, a specified percentage of our gross income must be derived from real property sources, which would generally exclude our income from providing development and management services to third parties as well as our income from certain services afforded to our student-tenants. In order to avoid realizing such income in a manner that would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, we provide some services through our Management Company and our Development Company, with our Management Company electing, together with us, to be treated as our “taxable REIT subsidiary” or “TRS.” Our Management Company is wholly owned and controlled by our Operating Partnership, and our Management Company will wholly own our Development Company. Our Development Company will be a disregarded entity for federal income tax purposes and all assets owned and earned by our Development Company will be deemed to be owned and earned by our Management Company. Therefore, it will not be necessary to make a separate election for our Development Company to be taxed as a TRS.
Our Business and Growth Strategy
      Our primary business objectives are to maximize cash flow available for distribution to our stockholders, and to achieve sustainable long-term growth in cash flow per share in order to maximize long-term stockholder value. We intend to achieve these objectives by (i) acquiring student housing communities nationwide that meet our focused investment criteria and (ii) maximizing revenues from operations of our owned and third-party managed properties through proactive and goal-oriented property management strategies. In addition, we plan to continue to grow our third-party management services business and our development consulting services business and to selectively develop properties for our own account.
Acquisition Strategy
      We intend to acquire high quality, well-designed and well-located properties, with a focus on off-campus garden-style communities with modern floor plans and amenities. Our ideal acquisition targets generally are located in markets that have stable or increasing student populations and an insufficient supply of student housing. We will also seek to acquire investments in student housing communities that possess sound market fundamentals but are under-performing and would benefit from renovation and/or improved property management. We will consider the following property and market factors to identify potential property acquisitions:
  •  campus reputation
 
  •  competitive admissions criteria
 
  •  limited number of on-campus beds and limited plans for expansion
 
  •  distance of property from campus
 
  •  property unit mix
 
  •  competition
 
  •  significant out-of-state enrollment
 
  •  operating performance
 
  •  potential for improved management
 
  •  ownership and capital structure
 
  •  presence of desired amenities
 
  •  maintenance of the property

4


Table of Contents

  •  access to a university-sponsored or public transportation line
 
  •  parking availability
      After we identify a potential student housing acquisition, a due diligence team consisting of in-house personnel and third parties, such as outside legal counsel, environmental consultants, structural engineers, investment bankers and accountants, conducts detailed due diligence to assess the potential investment.
      Our senior management team has developed long-standing relationships with developers, owners and brokers of student housing properties that allow us to identify and capitalize on acquisition opportunities. As a result, we have generated an internal database of contacts that we use to identify and evaluate acquisition candidates. We are continuously active in identifying and analyzing potential student housing acquisitions. As a result of our intensive due diligence review and selective criteria, we determine to pursue or complete only a portion of these identified potential acquisitions following our submission of a non-binding purchase offer. In addition to the initial properties that we acquired on the Closing Date, we acquired an additional five properties in individual transactions throughout the 2005. The five transactions had an aggregate purchase price of approximately $119.8 million including the assumption of mortgage debt totaling $48.7 million.
Operating Strategy
      We seek to maximize funds from the operations of the student housing communities that we own and manage through the following operational strategies.
      Maximize property profitability. We seek to maximize property-level profitability through the use of cost control systems and our focused on-site management personnel. Some of our specific cost control initiatives include:
  •  establishing internal controls and procedures for cost control consistently throughout our communities;
 
  •  operating with flat property-level management structures, minimizing multiple layers of management;
 
  •  negotiating utility and service-level pricing arrangements with national and regional vendors and requiring corporate-level approval of service agreements for each community; and
 
  •  conducting an annual assessment of the costs and effectiveness of each of our marketing strategies in order to place greater emphasis on lower cost/high-impact initiatives.
      Proactive marketing practices. We have developed and implemented proactive marketing practices to enhance the visibility of our student housing communities and to optimize our occupancy rates. We thoroughly study our competitors, our residents and university policies affecting enrollment and housing. Based on our findings at each property, we formulate a marketing and sales plan for each academic leasing period. We intend to continue to market our properties to students, parents and universities by emphasizing student-oriented living areas, state-of-the-art technology infrastructure, a wide variety of amenities and services and close proximity to the campus.
      Develop and retain personnel. We staff each student housing community that we own or manage with a full-service on-site property management team. Each of our property management teams includes Community Assistants who plan activities and interact with students, enhancing their college experiences. We have developed policies and procedures to train each team of on-site employees and to provide each team with full corporate-based support for each essential operating function. To retain employees, we have developed an incentive-based compensation structure that is available to all of our on-site personnel.
      Maintain and develop strategic relationships. We seek to maintain and establish relationships with universities. We believe that establishing and maintaining relationships with universities is important to the ongoing success of our business. We believe that these relationships will continue to provide us with

5


Table of Contents

referrals to enhance our leasing efforts, opportunities for additional acquisitions of student housing communities and contracts for third-party services.
Third-Party Services
      In addition to managing our owned student housing communities, we also provide management and development consulting services for third-party owners of student housing. Universities and third-party owners are increasingly turning to the private sector for assistance in developing and managing their student housing properties. We perform third-party services in order to enhance our reputation with universities and to benefit our primary goal of owning high quality student housing communities. We perform third-party services for student housing communities serving some of the nation’s most prominent systems of higher education, including the University of North Carolina, the University of Illinois, the California State University System and the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education.
      In order to comply with the rules applicable to our status as a REIT, we provide our third-party services through our Management Company and our Development Company. The income earned by our Management Company and our Development Company will be subject to regular federal income tax and state and local income tax where applicable and will therefore be subject to an additional level of tax as compared to the income earned from our properties.
Third-party management services
      We provide third-party management services for student housing communities owned by educational institutions, charitable foundations and others. Our management services typically cover all aspects of operations, including residence life and student development, marketing, leasing administration, strategic relationships and information systems, and are comparable to the services that we provide for our owned properties. We typically provide these services pursuant to multi-year management contracts that have an initial term between five and ten years. We believe that providing these services allows us to increase cash flow with little incremental cost by leveraging our existing management expertise and infrastructure.
      Performing third-party property management services in addition to operating our owned student housing communities allows us to earn additional revenue at a high degree of operational efficiency and economy of scale. We also gain depth of experience with management and maintenance of this specialized property type. Our third-party management services provide us with inroads into additional markets and an expanded geographical and human resource infrastructure for the management of our owned assets. In addition, we believe that our success in securing third-party management contracts allows us to expand our network of contacts in the student housing industry and to increase our pipeline of potential property acquisitions.

6


Table of Contents

      For the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 our fees from management services (excluding operating expense reimbursements) represented 2.4% and 5.8%, respectively, of our revenues. The following table presents certain summary information regarding the student housing communities that we managed for other owners as of December 31, 2005:
                       
Property   University   # of Beds   # of Units
             
On-campus properties
                   
 
University Park — Calhoun Street Apartments
  University of Cincinnati     726       288  
 
Reinhard Villages
  Clarion University of Pennsylvania     656       180  
 
University Park
  Salisbury University (Maryland)     576       145  
 
Bettie Johnson Hall
  University of Louisville     490       224  
 
University Village
  California State University — San Marcos     471       126  
 
Normal Hills Apartments
  Alabama A&M University     448       240  
 
Herman & Heddy Kurz Hall
  University of Louisville     402       224  
 
Arlington Park Apartments
  University of Northern Colorado     396       180  
 
University Park — Phase II
  Salisbury University (Maryland)     312       108  
 
Billy Minardi Hall
  University of Louisville     38       20  
                 
Total on-campus
        4,515       1,735  
Off-campus properties
                   
 
Granville Towers
  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill     1,321       363  
 
The Reserve on Stinson
  University of Oklahoma     612       204  
 
Illini Tower
  University of Illinois at Champaign     709       175  
 
Stratford Heights
  University of Cincinnati     692       174  
 
Honeysuckle Apartments
  Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania     407       104  
 
Evergreen Commons
  Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania     408       108  
 
University Towers
  University of Texas     632       184  
                 
Total off-campus
        4,781       1,312  
                 
Totals (for both on- and off-campus)
        9,296       3,047  
                 
Third-party development consulting services
      We provide our third-party development consulting services to universities seeking to modernize their on-campus student housing communities. Our development consulting services typically include the following:
  •  market analysis and evaluation of housing needs and options;
 
  •  cooperation with university in architectural design;
 
  •  negotiation of ground lease, development agreement, construction contract, architectural contract and bond documents;
 
  •  oversight of architectural design process;
 
  •  coordination of governmental and university plan approvals;
 
  •  oversight of construction process;
 
  •  design, purchase and installation of furniture;

7


Table of Contents

  •  pre-opening marketing to students; and
 
  •  obtaining final approvals of construction.
      By providing these services, we are able to observe emerging trends in student housing development and market acceptance of unit and community amenities. Our development consulting services also benefit us by providing us with opportunities to obtain additional third-party property management contracts. Of the eleven student housing communities with respect to which we have provided development-consulting services in the past five years, the property owners have awarded us contracts for third-party management services for ten of those student housing communities. For the years ended December 31, 2005 and December 31, 2004, our fees from development consulting services, excluding operating expense reimbursements, represented 2.1% and 1.7%, respectively, of our revenues.
      In addition to the eleven student housing communities with respect to which we have provided development consulting services in the past five years, with aggregate development costs (such as land and construction costs, developer fees and interest) incurred by our clients of over $241 million, we are currently providing development services for five additional projects at the University of Alabama — Birmingham, Slippery Rock University, California University of Pennsylvania and the University of Colorado — Denver, and the University of Louisville pursuant to signed definitive contracts. The aggregate project cost of these five projects is approximately $169.4 million. We are also providing pre-development, construction and management consulting services on a $43.7 million project at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, but have not yet entered into a definitive contract for the project. We typically are notified that we have been awarded development consulting services projects on the basis of a competitive award process and thereafter begin to work on the project. In our experience, definitive contracts for these projects are typically not executed until the completion of the project when the institution’s governing body formally approves the transaction.
Our Operations
      We staff each of our owned and managed student housing communities with a full-service property management team. We typically staff each property with one Community Manager, a marketing/leasing manager, a student accounts manager, a resident services director, a maintenance supervisor, one on-site resident Community Assistant for each 50-85 students and general office staff. Each property management team markets, leases and manages the community with a focus on maximizing its profitability. In addition, each property management team is trained to provide social and developmental opportunities for students, enhancing the students’ college experiences as well as the desirability of our communities.
      We have developed policies and procedures to carefully select and develop each team of on-site employees and to provide each team with full corporate-based support for each essential operating area, including lease administration, sales/marketing, community and university relations, student life administration, maintenance and loss prevention, accounting, human resources/benefits administration and information systems. The corporate level personnel responsible for each of these areas support each Community Manager’s leadership role, and are available as a resource to the Community Managers around the clock.
Residence Life and Student Development
      Our corporate director of residence life and student personnel development designs and directs our residence life program. Our programs are developed at the corporate level and implemented at each community by our Community Assistants, together with our other on-site personnel. We provide educational, social and recreational activities designed to help students achieve academic goals, promote respect and harmony throughout the community, and help bridge interaction with the respective university. Examples of our residence life and student development programs include:
  •  community-building and social activities geared to university-related events, holidays, public safety and education;

8


Table of Contents

  •  study and attention skills counseling;
 
  •  career development, resume writing and employment search skill training;
 
  •  sponsorship of intramural sport teams, academic clubs and alumni-based activities;
 
  •  parent and resident appreciation events;
 
  •  community service activities including recycling, blood drives, food drives and student volunteer committees;
 
  •  lectures focused on social issues, including effective communication, multi-cultural awareness and substance abuse;
 
  •  university outreach activities; and
 
  •  voter registration, enrollment and education.
      The Community Assistants perform key roles in the administrative functioning of the community and interface with students through constructive programs, activities and listening to student interests and concerns. Our on-site leadership selects students to serve as Community Assistants who meet criteria established by our corporate director of residence life and student personnel development.
Marketing
      We begin our annual marketing campaign by thoroughly segmenting the student population attending each of the primary universities where our student housing communities are located, and compiling market surveys of comparable student apartment properties. With this information in hand, we formulate a marketing/sales strategy that consists of a renewal campaign for current residents and a broader campaign directed at the eligible student population. We assess university regulations regarding housing requirements to avoid targeting markets in which significant numbers of students are not eligible to live off-campus until they achieve certain credit hour levels.
      We begin our renewal campaign between November and January of each year. Signage, direct mailings to the students and their parents, appreciation parties and staff selling incentives are key elements of the renewal campaign. The Community Assistant team plays a key role in communicating the renewal message throughout their assigned property area. We use a database of current resident demographic data to direct sales information to primary feeder high schools, particularly where new freshmen are eligible to live off-campus. Other database criteria include gender, high school location, prior apartment community, academic class standing, field of study and activity preferences.
      We appeal to the greater university population through theme-based newspaper advertising campaigns, open house activities, housing fairs conducted by the university and, where effective, web-based advertising. Our Community Assistant staff targets certain university-sponsored on-campus events to distribute handouts displaying our logo and offering incentives to visit our sales center. Wherever possible, our student housing communities appear on university websites in listings of off-campus housing options, together with banner advertising where available.
Leasing
      Our standard lease begins in August and runs for approximately 11.5 months, ending July 31 or early August to coincide with the university’s fall academic term. The primary exception to our standard lease term is University Towers, which we generally rent on nine-month academic year leases. Our standard lease is an agreement between the student and parental guarantor, and the specific student housing community. All leases are for individual bedrooms with rights to share common areas within the unit and throughout the community. The “individual lease” is a strong selling attraction as it limits a student’s liability to the rental for one bedroom instead of burdening the student with shared liability for the entire unit rental amount.

9


Table of Contents

      We lease our units by floor plan type using internally-generated occupancy spreadsheets to maximize full leasing of entire units, avoiding spotty vacancies particularly in the four-bedroom units. We offer roommate-matching services to facilitate full occupancy. We develop wait lists and monitor popular floor plans that fill to capacity early in the leasing season. If any fully vacant units remain available after the beginning of any academic semester, we seek to lease such units on a temporary basis to university-related visitors and our tenants’ parents and family members, or keep them available for future leasing to students.
      Unlike conventional apartment communities that have monthly recurring move-outs and renewals, our student housing community occupancies remain stable throughout the academic year, but must be entirely re-leased at the beginning of each academic calendar. Because of the nature of leasing to students, we are highly dependent upon the success of our marketing and leasing efforts during the annual leasing season, generally November through August. Our leasing staff undergoes intensive annual professional training to maximize the success of our leasing efforts.
      We typically require rent to be paid in 12 equal monthly payments throughout the lease term, with the first installment due on July 1. Residents of University Towers and residence halls that we manage for third parties typically pay their annual rent in two installments on July 1 and December 1. We replace contracted students who fail to pay the first installment with students on our waiting list or from walk-in traffic while the market is still active with students seeking housing at the commencement of the academic year.
      Highlights of our standard lease agreement include:
  •  Rent typically covers all common area amenities and water/sewer/trash removal. Internet and cable TV service are included where required by market conditions.
 
  •  Student residents pay a non-refundable service fee in addition to an application fee. The service fee is used to recover the costs of redecorating at the end of the academic year.
 
  •  Units are inspected quarterly for damage or routine repairs. All cited damages are repaired and immediately charged to the resident account for collection. This procedure reduces end-of-year repairs and keeps the units in good order throughout the term of residency.
 
  •  Subletting units is permitted with our written consent and for a fee.
 
  •  Student residents are responsible for any damages that their visitors cause anywhere on the premises.
Strategic Relationships
      We assign high priority to establishing and nurturing relationships with the administration of each of the primary universities where our student housing communities are located. Our corporate staff establishes this network, and on-site management then sustains it with follow-up by corporate staff during routine visits to the community. As a result of our strategic relationships, universities often refer their students to our properties, thus enhancing our leasing effort throughout the year. These networks create goodwill for our student housing communities throughout the university administration, including departments of admissions, student affairs, public safety, athletics and international affairs.
      Most universities promote off-campus housing alternatives to their student population. It is our intention to be among the most preferred off-campus residences and for universities to include our communities in listings and literature provided to students. We seek to obtain student mailing lists and to be featured in Internet-based student housing listings wherever permitted by the institution and incorporate these initiatives into our marketing efforts. Our Community Managers make scheduled personal visits with academic departments to further our community exposure at this level.

10


Table of Contents

Competition
Competition from universities
      We compete for student tenants with the owners of on-campus student housing, which is generally owned by educational institutions or charitable foundations. Educational institutions can generally avoid real estate taxes and borrow funds at lower interest rates, while we and other private sector operators pay full real estate tax rates and have higher borrowing costs. The competitive advantages of on-campus student housing also include its physical proximity to the university campus and captive student body. Many universities have policies requiring students to live in their on-campus facilities during their freshman year.
      On-campus housing is limited, however, and most universities are able to house only a small percentage of their students. As a result, educational institutions depend upon, and may serve as referral sources for, private providers of off-campus housing. In addition, off-campus housing facilities tend to offer more relaxed rules and regulations than on-campus properties and therefore tend to be more appealing to students. Off-campus student housing offers freedom from restrictions such as quiet hours or gender visitation limitations, and is especially appealing to upperclassmen who are transitioning towards their independence.
Competition from private owners
      We compete with several regional and national owner-operators of off-campus student housing. Two competitors, GMH Communities Trust (GCT) and American Campus Communities, Inc. (ACC), have recently completed their initial public offering and, in connection therewith, have publicly disclosed their intention to grow their student housing business. We also compete in a number of markets with smaller local owner-operators. Currently, the industry is fragmented with no participant holding a dominant market share. We believe that a number of other large national companies with substantial financial resources may be potential entrants in the student housing business. The entry of one or more of these companies could increase competition for students and for the acquisition, management and development of student housing properties.
Our competitive strengths
      We believe that we have the following competitive strengths that will enable us to take advantage of the opportunities in the student housing industry:
  •  Senior management team with over 160 years of collective experience working together at the EDR Predecessor.
 
  •  Property portfolio with modern unit plans and amenities and average age of approximately six years.
 
  •  Focused acquisition strategy.
 
  •  Complementary third-party services business, including third-party management and development consulting services.
 
  •  Established marketing practices.
 
  •  Focus on customer satisfaction and quality control.
Employees
      At December 31, 2005 we had approximately 1,038 employees, including:
  •  975 on-site employees, including 382 Community Assistants;
 
  •  15 persons in our property management services department;

11


Table of Contents

  •  9 persons in our development consulting services department; and
 
  •  36 executive, corporate administration and financial personnel.
      Our senior management team has over 160 years of collective experience working together in the EDR Predecessor’s student housing business. The EDR Predecessor was a leader and innovator in the student housing industry from 1964 until the Closing Date, at which time we acquired the EDR Predecessor’s student housing business. We believe that this experience will allow us to continue to anticipate and respond quickly to market changes and opportunities.
      Our management team’s in-depth knowledge of the student housing industry results from hands-on experiences. Several of our executive officers began their careers as student-tenant employees or Community Managers responsible for managing individual student housing communities. This history of working together demonstrates our management team’s extensive experience in the student housing industry:
             
Executive Officer   Title   Number of Years
         
Paul O. Bower
  Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President     36  
Craig L. Cardwell
  Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer     34  
Thomas J. Hickey
  Senior Vice President of Operations     33  
Wallace L. Wilcox
  Vice President of Construction     25  
William W. Harris
  Senior Vice President of Development     23  
Susan B. Arrison
  Vice President of Human Resources     15  
Randall H. Brown
  Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer     6  
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
      We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all employees. It is available in the corporate governance section of our investor website at www.educationrealty.com.
Available Information
      The Company files annual and periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission. All filings made by the Company with the SEC may be copied or read at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC as the Company does. The website is http://www.sec.gov.
      Additionally, a copy of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, along with the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to the aforementioned filings, are available on the Company’s website free of charge. The filings can be found on the SEC Filings page. The Company’s website also contains its Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the committees of the Board of Directors. These items can also be found on the Corporate Governance page. The Company’s website address is www.educationrealty.com. Reference to the Company’s website does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained on the site and should not be considered part of this document. All of the aforementioned materials may also be obtained free of charge by contacting the Investor Relations Department at Education Realty Trust, Inc., 530 Oak Court Drive, Suite 300, Memphis, Tennessee 38117.

12


Table of Contents

Item 1A.      Risk Factors
Risks related to our properties and our business
Our results of operations are subject to the following risks inherent in the student housing industry: annual leasing cycle, concentrated lease-up period, seasonal cash flows and increased risk of student defaults during the summer months of a twelve-month lease.
      We generally lease our properties under 11.5 month leases, but we may also lease for terms of nine months or less. As a result, we may experience significantly reduced cash flows during the summer months at properties leased for terms shorter than twelve months. In addition, students leasing under twelve-month leases may be more likely to default in their rental payments during the summer months. Although we typically require a student’s parents to guarantee the student’s lease, we may have to spend considerable effort and expense in pursuing payment upon a defaulted lease, and our efforts may not be successful. Furthermore, all of our properties must be entirely re-leased each year, exposing us to increased leasing risk. In addition, we are subject to increased leasing risk on properties that we acquire that we have not previously managed due to our lack of experience leasing those properties and unfamiliarity with their leasing cycles. Student housing communities are typically leased during a limited leasing season that begins in February and ends in August of each year. We are therefore highly dependent on the effectiveness of our marketing and leasing efforts and personnel during this season.
Our use of debt financing reduces cash available for distribution and may expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.
      Our charter and bylaws impose no limitation on the amount of debt we may incur. Our debt service obligations expose us to the risk of default and reduce (or eliminate) cash resources that are available to operate our business. On the Closing Date, we entered into a $75 million revolving credit facility to fund future property acquisitions and for other working capital needs, which may include the payment of distributions to our stockholders. Subsequently, the credit facility was amended to increase the availability to $100 million. The amount available to us and our ability to borrow from time to time under this facility is subject to certain conditions and the satisfaction of specified financial covenants, which include limiting distributions to our stockholders. If the income generated by our properties and other assets fails to cover our debt service, we would be forced to reduce or eliminate distributions to our stockholders and may experience losses. Our level of debt and the operating limitations imposed on us by our debt agreements could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:
  •  we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms;
 
  •  we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness;
 
  •  we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms;
 
  •  we may default on our payment or other obligations as a result of insufficient cash flow or otherwise, and the lenders or mortgagees may foreclose on our properties that secure their loans and receive an assignment of rents and leases; and
 
  •  foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, a circumstance that could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements.
      On March 30, 2006 the revolving credit facility was amended and restated and the Operating Partnership entered into a $50 million senior unsecured term loan. The amended credit facility has substantially the same terms as the original facility, including $100 million of availability and customary affirmative and negative covenants.

13


Table of Contents

We are recently organized and have no operating history.
      We have been recently organized and had no operating history until the Closing Date. Consequently, our historical operating results and the financial data set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10K may not be useful in assessing our likely future performance. The operating performance of the properties may decline under our management, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue from operations to make anticipated distributions. We will also be subject to the risks generally associated with the formation of any new business. Our management has no prior experience in running a public company.
The consideration we paid for our initial assets may exceed their fair market value.
      On the Closing Date, we acquired our initial properties and our Management Company and Development Company in exchange for cash, Operating Partnership units and University Towers Partnership units. We did not obtain independent appraisals of the initial properties or the management and development businesses. In addition, the terms of the contribution and sale agreements relating to the purchase of our College Station property and our Management Company, which includes our Development Company as its wholly owned subsidiary, were not negotiated at arm’s length. Certain of our officers, specifically, Messrs. Bower, Brown, Cardwell, Harris, Hickey and Wilcox, received collectively through their ownership of interests in properties held by the EDR Predecessor and our Management Company and our Development Company, total consideration of approximately $19.9 million, including Operating Partnership units and University Towers Partnership units of $17.2 million and cash of $2.7 million, which were used to repay certain unaffiliated third-party loans incurred by the EDR Predecessor. In addition, we paid approximately $800,000 in cash to an affiliate for certain office furniture and equipment. It is possible that the consideration we provided in exchange for these assets may exceed their fair market value and that we could realize less value from the assets than we would have realized if all of the contribution or sale agreements had been entered into with an unrelated third party or if we had obtained independent appraisals of the assets.
We face significant competition from university-owned student housing and from other private student housing communities located within close proximity to universities.
      Many students prefer on-campus housing to off-campus housing because of the closer physical proximity to campus and integration of on-campus facilities into the academic community. Universities can generally avoid real estate taxes and borrow funds at lower interest rates, while we and other private-sector operators pay full real estate tax rates and have higher borrowing costs. Consequently, universities often can offer more convenient and/or less expensive student housing than we can, which can adversely affect our occupancy and rental rates.
      We also compete with other national and regional owner-operators of off-campus student housing in a number of markets as well as with smaller local owner-operators. There are a number of purpose-built student housing properties that compete directly with us located near or in the same general vicinity of many of our student housing communities. Such competing student housing communities may be newer than our student housing communities, located closer to campus, charge less rent, possess more attractive amenities, or offer more services, shorter lease terms or more flexible leases. The construction of competing properties or decreases in the general levels of rents for housing in competing properties could adversely affect our rental income.
      We believe that a number of other large national companies may be potential entrants in the student housing business. In some cases, these potential competitors possess substantially greater financial and marketing resources than we do. The entry of one or more of these companies could increase competition for student tenants and for the acquisition, development and management of other student housing communities.

14


Table of Contents

We may not be able to recover our costs for our development consulting services.
      We typically are awarded development consulting services business on the basis of a competitive award process, but definitive contracts are typically not executed until the formal approval of the transaction by the institution’s governing body at the completion of the project. In the intervening period, we may incur significant pre-development and other costs in the expectation that the development consulting services contract will be executed. These costs generally range from $300,000 to $500,000 and typically include architects’ fees to design the property and contractors’ fees to price the construction. We typically seek to enter into a reimbursement agreement with the institution that requires the institution to provide a guarantee of our advances. However, we may not be successful in negotiating such an agreement. In addition, if an institution’s governing body does not ultimately approve our selection and the underlying terms of a pending development, we may not be able to recover these costs from the institution. In addition, when we are awarded development consulting business, we generally receive 50% of our fees at the time the project is financed, and the remainder is generally paid in monthly installments thereafter. As a result, the recognition and timing of revenues will, among other things, be contingent upon the project owner’s successful structuring and closing of the project financing as well as the timing of construction.
We may be unable to take advantage of certain disposition opportunities because of additional costs we have agreed to pay if we sell certain of our properties in taxable transactions for a period of five years.
      On the Closing Date, we issued Operating Partnership units as partial or full consideration for our interests in two properties in the JPI portfolio and University Towers Partner